Human<i>Plasmodium knowlesi</i>Infection Detected by Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria

Hellemond, Jaap J. van; Rutten, M.P.M.H.; Koelewijn, Rob; Zeeman, Anne‐Marie; Verweij, Jaco J.; Wismans, Pieter J.; Kocken, Clemens H. M.; Genderen, Perry J.J. van

doi:10.3201/eid1509.090358

Cited by 83 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Usually human P. knowlesi infections occur during stays in forest areas 3,5,9,12,13,16 as the four vector species suspected to be responsible for the transmission of P. knowlesi ( Anopheles hackeri , Anopheles balabacensis , Anopheles cracens , Anopheles latens ), are rather arboreal species. [21][22][23] Indeed, these anopheles from the Leucosphyrus group, are found preferentially in the canopy of the rain forest as is the natural monkey host.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imported Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in a French Tourist Returning from Thailand

Berry

Iriart

Wilhelm

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imported Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in a French Tourist Returning from Thailand

Berry

Iriart

Wilhelm

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…About 90% of all malaria deaths in the world today occur in Africa south of the Sahara. The majority of infections in the region are caused by Plasmodium falciparium, the most dangerous of the five human malaria parasites (Bronner et al, 2009;van Hellemond et al, 2009;Daneshvar et al, 2010). The most effective malaria vector -the mosquito Anopheles gambiae and the most difficult to control is also widespread in this region (World Health Organisation, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Infection Among Blood Donors in Onitsha Urban, Southeast Nigeria

Ekwunife¹,

Ozumba²,

Eneanya³

et al. 2011

Sierra Leone j. biomed. res.

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Blood safety is a major issue of global concern in transfusion medicine especially in developing countries, where national blood transfusion policies and services as well as financial resources are lacking or inadequate. Transfusion-transmitted malaria is a potential health hazard but is often neglected in many malarious areas. Malaria infection among blood donors in Onitsha urban, Southeast Nigeria was studied between August and October 2008. Venous blood of donors was screened for malaria parasites using Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood films. The ABO and Rhesus phenotypes were classified using a haemaglutination standard test and demographic data of donors documented. Of the 410 blood donors analysed, 304 (74.1%) were infected. Plasmodium falciparium was identified in all positive cases and mixed infection with P. malariae was seen in 5(1.6%) cases. Infection significantly varied with age and not with sex and occupation (p<0.05). People with blood group O + showed significantly higher rate of infection (p<0.05). Since there is scarcity of voluntary donors in Nigeria, donor deferral done in non-malarial endemic regions cannot be practiced in Nigeria. The high prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in this area, suggests the need for careful screening of blood samples for malaria parasites. Positive samples should be indicated on the blood packs and transfusion of malaria positive blood requires the administration of curative dose of antimalarials to the patient. Commercial donors should be freely given mosquito treated bed nets and be encouraged to sleep under them.

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“…Se ha establecido que las pruebas disponibles en la actualidad para diagnóstico rápido de plasmodios que infectan humanos, detectan P. knowlesi, pero los niveles de parasitemia bajos podrían no ser detectados; por lo tanto, una prueba negativa no excluiría una infección por esta especie (50).…”

Section: Métodos De Diagnósticounclassified

Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humans

2012

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El primer caso informado de transmisión natural de Plasmodium knowlesi en humanos se publicó en 1965. En el sureste de Asia la presentación atípica de casos de malaria, tanto por cambios en la distribución de las especies diagnosticadas de Plasmodium, como por su morfología, motivó diversos estudios que han confirmado la infección en humanos por este plasmodio que infecta naturalmente distintas especies de simios, que son endémicos de las selvas de esta región. Los estudios recientes sugieren que la malaria por P. knowlesi no es una enfermedad emergente en humanos sino que no estaba siendo diagnosticada, debido a la similitud morfológica de este plasmodio con P. malariae y P. falciparum, lo cual dificulta su reconocimiento mediante examen microscópico. Actualmente, se puede confirmar el diagnóstico mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa que permite identificar cebadores específicos de P. knowlesi. La malaria por P. knowlesi ha ocasionado desenlaces fatales en humanos, lo que plantea diversos retos como la búsqueda de métodos operativos de diagnóstico para las zonas endémicas, el estudio de los vectores involucrados y la eficacia terapéutica de los medicamentos para su tratamiento. En las regiones selváticas de Suramérica se hace imperativa la vigilancia de parásitos y vectores de la malaria en simios, que potencialmente puedan ocasionar esta zoonosis. Palabras clave: malaria/epidemiología, Plasmodium knowlesi, infección, humanos Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humansThe first reported case of natural transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to humans was published in 1965. In Southeast Asia, the atypical presentation of malaria cases, the changes in the distribution of the Plasmodium species diagnosed and their atypical morphology prompted several studies that confirmed natural infections in humans by this protozoon which naturally infects different species of apes which are endemic in the forests of this region. Recent studies suggest that P. knowlesi malaria is not an emerging disease in humans but was rather being misdiagnosed due to its morphological similarity with P. malariae and P. falciparum, hampering its correct diagnosis by microscopic examination. Currently, the diagnosis can be confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using P. knowlesi specific primers. Malaria by P. knowlesi has lead to fatal outcomes in humans and poses several challenges such as the development of useful diagnostic tools for endemic areas, the study of the vectors involved and the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs for its treatment. In the jungle regions of South America it is imperative to monitor the parasites of simian malaria and the vectors that have the potential to transmit this zoonosis.

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HumanPlasmodium knowlesiInfection Detected by Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria

Cited by 83 publications

References 12 publications

Imported Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in a French Tourist Returning from Thailand

Imported Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in a French Tourist Returning from Thailand

Malaria Infection Among Blood Donors in Onitsha Urban, Southeast Nigeria

Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humans

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