Human immunodeficiency virus and leishmaniasis

Ezra, Navid; Ochoa, Martín; Craft, Noah

doi:10.4103/0974-777x.68528

Cited by 60 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Although miltefosine and amphotericin B are used for clinical treatment, the antileishmanial drug arsenal still requires improvement (2). For instance, miltefosine monotherapy has failed to cure relapsing VL in HIV-infected patients, and thus its role against HIV-associated VL remains unclear (3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Synthesis of Silver and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia prostrata Extract Shows Shift from Apoptosis to G ₀ /G ₁ Arrest followed by Necrotic Cell Death in Leishmania donovani

Zahir¹,

Chauhan

Bagavan³

et al. 2015

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

157

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The aim of the present study was to synthesize silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) using green synthesis from aqueous leaf extract of Euphorbia prostrata as antileishmanial agents and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism of induced cell death. In vitro antileishmanial activity of synthesized NPs was tested against promastigotes of Leishmania donovani by alamarBlue and propidium iodide uptake assays. Antileishmanial activity of synthesized NPs on intracellular amastigotes was assessed by Giemsa staining. The leishmanicidal effect of synthesized Ag NPs was further confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay and by cell cycle progression and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the treated parasites. TEM analysis of the synthesized Ag NPs showed a spherical shape with an average size of 12.82 ؎ 2.50 nm, and in comparison to synthesized TiO 2 NPs, synthesized Ag NPs were found to be most active against Leishmania parasites after 24 h exposure, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 ) of 14.94 g/ml and 3.89 g/ml in promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, respectively. A significant increase in G 0 /G 1 phase of the cell cycle with a subsequent decrease in S (synthesis) and G 2 /M phases compared to controls was observed. The growth-inhibitory effect of synthesized Ag NPs was attributed to increased length of S phase. A decreased reactive oxygen species level was also observed, which could be responsible for the caspase-independent shift from apoptosis (G 0 /G 1 arrest) to massive necrosis. High-molecular-weight DNA fragmentation as a positive consequence of necrotic cell death was also visualized. We also report that the unique trypanothione/trypanothione reductase (TR) system of Leishmania cells was significantly inhibited by synthesized Ag NPs. The green-synthesized Ag NPs may provide promising leads for the development of costeffective and safer alternative treatment against visceral leishmaniasis.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Synthesis of Silver and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia prostrata Extract Shows Shift from Apoptosis to G ₀ /G ₁ Arrest followed by Necrotic Cell Death in Leishmania donovani

Zahir¹,

Chauhan

Bagavan³

et al. 2015

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

157

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“…Such patients can have a negative TOC and can be symptom free, as shown in European HIV patients in whom parasites could be cultured from blood over a period of 10 years after treatment, including during asymptomatic periods. 33 Since it is recognized that asymptomatic carriers vastly outnumber clinical VL cases, 6 , 34 this condition—labeled as “active chronic VL” 33 —raises concerns about infectivity of cured asymptomatic HIV patients. 35 Future studies should, therefore, compare (combinations of) other novel noninvasive direct parasite detection methods such as peripheral blood microscopy 36 and quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology 37 against KATEX, and in particular, cover the post-treatment phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigen Detection in Urine for Noninvasive Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfected Patients: An Exploratory Analysis from Ethiopia

Vogt

Mengesha

Asmamaw

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract.Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and assessment of treatment response in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–coinfected patients still relies on invasive tissue aspiration. This hampers scale-up and decentralization of care in resource-limited settings. Noninvasive diagnostics are urgently needed. KATEX is a frequently used latex agglutination test for Leishmania antigen in urine that has never been evaluated in HIV-coinfected individuals from Leishmania donovani–endemic areas. This was an exploratory sub-study embedded within the screening phase of a trial in highly endemic northwestern Ethiopia. All patients were HIV-positive and aspirate-confirmed VL cases. We assessed diagnostic accuracy of KATEX for VL diagnosis and as test of cure at end of treatment, using tissue aspirate parasite load as reference methods. We also described the evolution of weekly antigen levels during treatment. Most of the 87 included patients were male (84, 97%), young (median age 31 years), and had poor immune status (median cluster of differentiation type 4 count 56 cells/μL). KATEX had moderate sensitivity (84%) for VL diagnosis. KATEX had moderate sensitivity (82%) and a moderate negative predictive value (87%) but only low specificity (49%) and a low positive predictive value (40%) for the assessment of treatment outcomes. Weekly antigen levels showed characteristic patterns during treatment of patients with different initial parasite loads and treatment outcomes. Antigen detection in urine using KATEX can contribute to improved VL diagnosis in HIV-coinfected patients but has limited use for monitoring of treatment response. Better noninvasive diagnostics are needed to reduce reliance on invasive methods and thus to expand and improve clinical care for VL in resource-limited settings.

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“…Regarding the HIV-infected patients, the number of asymptomatic carriers also seems to be larger than the clinically evident VL patients. 35 , 36 Association of a higher parasite load has already been demonstrated in those with higher HIV viral loads and appears to be related to a higher risk to develop the clinical disease. It has been shown that HIV infection may increase the risk of developing VL by 100 up to 2,300 times in endemic areas.…”

Section: Asymptomatic Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It has been shown that HIV infection may increase the risk of developing VL by 100 up to 2,300 times in endemic areas. 36 – 38 …”

Section: Asymptomatic Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis–HIV coinfection: current challenges

Lindoso¹,

Cunha²,

Queiroz³

et al. 2016

HIV

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Leishmaniasis – human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection can manifest itself as tegumentary or visceral leishmaniasis. Almost 35 countries have reported autochthonous coinfections. Visceral leishmaniasis is more frequently described. However, usual and unusual manifestations of tegumentary leishmaniasis have been reported mainly in the Americas, but the real prevalence of Leishmania infection in HIV-infected patients is not clear. Regarding the clinical manifestations, there are some reports showing unusual manifestations in visceral leishmaniasis and tegumentary leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients; yet, the usual manifestations are more frequent. Leishmaniasis diagnosis relies on clinical methods, but serological tests are used to diagnose visceral leishmaniasis despite them having a low sensitivity to tegumentary leishmaniasis. The search for the parasite is used to diagnose both visceral leishmaniasis and tegumentary leishmaniasis. Nevertheless, in HIV-infected patients, the sensitivity of serology is very low. Drugs available to treat leishmaniasis are more restricted and cause severe side effects. Furthermore, in HIV-infected patients, these side effects are more prominent and relapses and lethality are more recurrent. In this article, we discuss the current challenges of tegumentary leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis–HIV infection, focusing mainly on the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of leishmaniasis.

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Human immunodeficiency virus and leishmaniasis

Cited by 60 publications

References 89 publications

Green Synthesis of Silver and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia prostrata Extract Shows Shift from Apoptosis to G ₀ /G ₁ Arrest followed by Necrotic Cell Death in Leishmania donovani

Green Synthesis of Silver and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia prostrata Extract Shows Shift from Apoptosis to G ₀ /G ₁ Arrest followed by Necrotic Cell Death in Leishmania donovani

Antigen Detection in Urine for Noninvasive Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfected Patients: An Exploratory Analysis from Ethiopia

Leishmaniasis–HIV coinfection: current challenges

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Human immunodeficiency virus and leishmaniasis

Cited by 60 publications

References 89 publications

Green Synthesis of Silver and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia prostrata Extract Shows Shift from Apoptosis to G 0 /G 1 Arrest followed by Necrotic Cell Death in Leishmania donovani

Green Synthesis of Silver and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia prostrata Extract Shows Shift from Apoptosis to G 0 /G 1 Arrest followed by Necrotic Cell Death in Leishmania donovani

Antigen Detection in Urine for Noninvasive Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfected Patients: An Exploratory Analysis from Ethiopia

Leishmaniasis&ndash;HIV coinfection: current challenges

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Green Synthesis of Silver and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia prostrata Extract Shows Shift from Apoptosis to G ₀ /G ₁ Arrest followed by Necrotic Cell Death in Leishmania donovani

Green Synthesis of Silver and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia prostrata Extract Shows Shift from Apoptosis to G ₀ /G ₁ Arrest followed by Necrotic Cell Death in Leishmania donovani

Leishmaniasis–HIV coinfection: current challenges