Human immunodeficiency virus in cadavers: A review

Cilliers, Karen; Muller, Christo J. F.; Page, Benedict J.

doi:10.1002/ca.23358

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…HIV-positive samples were further tested for viral load by RT-PCR using the Abbott TM system (Abbott Molecular, Inc., Des Plaines, IL). The use of rapid test kits in this study is supported by previous studies showing that HIV antibodies remain detectable in serum for up to 58 days after death [28,29] and that performance of rapid HIV tests is comparable to that of standard enzyme immunoassay [28,[30][31][32].…”

Section: Variablessupporting

confidence: 65%

High HIV prevalence among decedents received by two high-volume mortuaries in Kisumu, western Kenya, 2019

et al. 2021

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Background Accurate data on HIV-related mortality are necessary to evaluate the impact of HIV interventions. In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), mortality data obtained through civil registration are often of poor quality. Though not commonly conducted, mortuary surveillance is a potential complementary source of data on HIV-associated mortality. Methods During April-July 2019, we assessed HIV prevalence, the attributable fraction among the exposed, and the population attributable fraction among decedents received by two high-volume mortuaries in Kisumu County, Kenya, where HIV prevalence in the adult population was estimated at 18% in 2019 with high ART coverage (76%). Stillbirths were excluded. The two mortuaries receive 70% of deaths notified to the Kisumu East civil death registry; this registry captures 45% of deaths notified in Kisumu County. We conducted hospital chart reviews to determine the HIV status of decedents. Decedents without documented HIV status, including those dead on arrival, were tested using HIV antibody tests or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) consistent with national HIV testing guidelines. Decedents aged less than 15 years were defined as children. We estimated annual county deaths by applying weights that incorporated the study period, coverage of deaths, and mortality rates observed in the study. Results The two mortuaries received a total of 1,004 decedents during the study period, of which 95.1% (955/1004) were available for study; 89.1% (851/955) of available decedents were enrolled of whom 99.4% (846/851) had their HIV status available from medical records and post-mortem testing. The overall population-based, age- and sex-adjusted mortality rate was 12.4 per 1,000 population. The unadjusted HIV prevalence among decedents was 28.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 25.5–31.6). The age- and sex-adjusted mortality rate in the HIV-infected population (40.7/1000 population) was four times higher than in the HIV-uninfected population (10.2/1000 population). Overall, the attributable fraction among the HIV-exposed was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.66–0.76) while the HIV population attributable fraction was 0.17 (95% CI: 0.14–0.20). In children the attributable fraction among the exposed and population attributable fraction were 0.92 (95% CI: 0.89–0.94) and 0.11 (95% CI: 0.08–0.15), respectively. Conclusions Over one quarter (28.5%) of decedents received by high-volume mortuaries in western Kenya were HIV-positive; overall, HIV was considered the cause of death in 17% of the population (19% of adults and 11% of children). Despite substantial scale-up of HIV services, HIV disease remains a leading cause of death in western Kenya. Despite progress, increased efforts remain necessary to prevent and treat HIV infection and disease.

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Section: Variablessupporting

confidence: 65%

High HIV prevalence among decedents received by two high-volume mortuaries in Kisumu, western Kenya, 2019

et al. 2021

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“…Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is widely recognized as its notorious effect on immune system. 1 Central nervous system (CNS) is a priority vulnerable orange to HIV infection and long-term exposure to HIV might develop HIV-associated dementia (HAD), characterized by motor asthenia and cognitive dysfunction. 2 Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) could significantly decrease the virus load in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) during ART becomes a new challenge and affects 30%-50% of HIV positive patients presented with during ART.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untargeted GC/TOFMS unravel metabolic profiles in cerebrospinal fluid of Chinese people living with HIV

Keram

Pei

et al. 2021

Clinical Laboratory Analysis

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Background: Metabolic syndrome becomes a focus of clinical cares to people living with HIV (PLHIV) globally. This study aimed to explore the metabolic profiles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Chinese people living with HIV (PLHIV). Methods: Cerebrospinal fluid samples from PLHIV and healthy controls were collected from our hospital. Then, the metabolic profiles of CSFs were analyzed PLHIV with healthy individual as the normal controls using the untargeted GC/TOFMS. Following this, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes annotation and pathway analysis were performed to further explore the underlying mechanism of these metabolic alterations in cognitive impairment of PLHIV. Results: Both PCA analysis and OPLS-DA had presented that most samples were localized in 95% CI and the gap between control and HIV could significantly separate from each other. Upon this quality control, a total of 82 known metabolites were identified in CSF between PLHIV and healthy controls. Clustering of these metabolites presented that these differentially expressed metabolites could markedly distinguish HIV from healthy controls. Further pathway analyses showed that TCA cycle (citric acid, fumaric acid, lactate, et al.), amino acid (arginine, proline, alanine, aspartate, glutamine, et al.), lipid (cholesterol, butyrate, et al.) metabolisms were significantly changed in CSF of PLHIV, which might affect the cognitive status of PLHIV via affecting neuron energy support, signaling transduction, and neuroinflammation. Conclusion: Metabolic profiles were significantly altered in CSF and might play key roles in the etiology of cognitive impairment of PHLIV. Further explore the exact mechanism for these metabolic changes might be useful for cognitive impairment management of PHLIV. K E Y W O R D S cerebrospinal fluid, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, human immunodeficiency virus, metabonomic, untargeted GC/TOFMS This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…Although the effects of embalming fluids on human cadavers with Human Immunodeficiency (HIV), Hepatitis B (HBV), and Hepatitis C (HCV) viruses are uncertain, post‐mortem detection of HIV and HCV in body donors is quite common (Cussenot et al, 1999; Demiryürek et al, 2002). In unembalmed cadavers, HIV could be detected up to 58 days post‐mortem (Cilliers et al, 2019). Unlike bacterial and viral agents, common embalming methods do not inactivate prion infectivity and embalming prolongs detectable amounts of infectivity (Bradford et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Information on Body Donation Promotion at Official Websites of Turkish Anatomy Departments

Gürses

2020

Anatomical Sciences Ed

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Raising public awareness of body donation is crucial for countries like Turkey that have struggling donation programs. The official websites of anatomy departments may contribute to achieving this goal. Nevertheless, previous studies reported institutional or individual reluctance of departments or anatomists, respectively, due to an expectation of adverse publicity. This study aimed to investigate whether the official websites of Turkish anatomy departments provided information on body donation and analyzed the content of these websites. Websites of anatomy departments at 100 medical faculties were evaluated. Only 12 departments (12%) provided information on body donation with varying content. A thematic analysis of the information provided revealed five main themes. These were (1) legal aspects, (2) significance, (3) acceptance/rejection criteria, (4) availability, and (5) redirection. All departments (n = 12, 100%) outlined the legal aspects of body donation, seven departments (58%) highlighted the significance of body donation, seven departments (58%) provided contact information for potential donors, five departments (41%) covered acceptance/rejection criteria, and three departments (25%) provided a link to the official website of the Turkish Society of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy. Thus, Turkish anatomy departments were reluctant to provide information on body donation, and the content of provided information varied greatly among departments. This lack of information, coordination, and participation in existing awareness activities for body donation in anatomy department websites may be contributing to the low numbers of body donations and donor registrations seen nationally. Anat Sci Educ 14: 816-827.

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Human immunodeficiency virus in cadavers: A review

Cited by 11 publications

References 69 publications

High HIV prevalence among decedents received by two high-volume mortuaries in Kisumu, western Kenya, 2019

High HIV prevalence among decedents received by two high-volume mortuaries in Kisumu, western Kenya, 2019

Untargeted GC/TOFMS unravel metabolic profiles in cerebrospinal fluid of Chinese people living with HIV

Evaluation of Information on Body Donation Promotion at Official Websites of Turkish Anatomy Departments

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