Human immunodeficiency virus infection of enterocytes and mononuclear cells in human jejunal mucosa

Heise, Carla; Dandekar, Satya; Kumar, Pradeep; Duplantier, Richard; Donovan, Richard M.; Halsted, Charles H.

doi:10.1016/0016-5085(91)90648-5

Cited by 118 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A healthy gastrointestinal tract is critical for research studies involving pathogenesis, as well as novel mucosal vaccine and gene therapy approaches utilizing genetically modified viruses, bacteria, or synthetic delivery systems. Intestinal malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and wasting are frequent manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection and, in many cases, the presenting illness (17,21,30). Similar findings have been observed in the SIV/macaque model of AIDS (18,35).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Infectious Agent and Immune Response Characteristics of Chronic Enterocolitis in Captive Rhesus Macaques

Sestak¹,

Merritt²,

Borda³

et al. 2003

Infect Immun

126

147

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Chronic enterocolitis is the leading cause of morbidity in colonies of captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). This study's aim was to identify the common enteric pathogens frequently associated with chronic enterocolitis in normal, immunocompetent rhesus monkeys and to elucidate the influence of this clinical syndrome on the host immune system. We analyzed the fecal specimens from 100 rhesus macaques with or without clinical symptoms of chronic diarrhea. Retrospective analysis revealed an increased incidence of Campylobacter spp. (Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni), Shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica, adenovirus, and Strongyloides fulleborni in samples collected from animals with chronic diarrhea (P < 0.05). The presence of additional enteric pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, carrying the eaeA intimin or Stx2c Shiga toxin virulence genes, Balantidium coli, Giardia lamblia, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Trichuris trichiura was found in all animals regardless of whether diarrhea was present. In addition, the upregulation of interleukin-1␣ (IL-1␣), IL-3, and tumor necrosis factor alpha cytokine genes, accompanied by an increased presence of activated (CD4 ؉ CD69 ؉ ) T lymphocytes was found in gut-associated lymphoid tissues collected from animals with chronic enterocolitis and diarrhea in comparison with clinically healthy controls (P < 0.05). These data indicate that chronic enterocolitis and diarrhea are associated, in part, with a variety of enteric pathogens and highlight the importance of defining the microbiological status of nonhuman primates used for infectious disease studies. The data also suggest that chronic colitis in rhesus macaques may have potential as a model of inflammatory bowel disease in humans.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Infectious Agent and Immune Response Characteristics of Chronic Enterocolitis in Captive Rhesus Macaques

Sestak¹,

Merritt²,

Borda³

et al. 2003

Infect Immun

126

147

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several scenarios for lentivirus mucosal infection have been postulated, i.e., mucosal membrane lesion (59), M-cell translocation (2), epithelial cell transcytosis (9), epithelial cell endocytosis (10), epithelial cell infection (1,8,34,39,41,51) ϩ T cells in contact with multinucleated syncytia coexpressing S100 and p55 (DC markers) and HIV-1 Gag at the mucosal surface of adenoids from HIVinfected patients. FIV infection of mucosal DC has not yet been shown, although FIV RNA and antigen have been found in association with lymphoid follicular DC (5,38,80), as has been observed in HIV-infected people (19,28,78).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Pathogenesis of Transmucosal Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Obert

Hoover

2002

J Virol

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To identify the early target cells and tissues in transmucosal feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, cats were exposed to a clade C FIV isolate via the oral-nasal or vaginal mucosa and multiple tissues were examined by virus isolation coculture (VI), DNA PCR, catalyzed tyramide signal-amplified in situ hybridization (TSA-ISH), and immunohistochemistry between days 1 and 12 postinoculation (p.i.). FIV RNA was detected in tonsil and oral or vaginal mucosa as early as 1 day p.i. by TSA-ISH and in retropharyngeal, tracheobronchial, or external iliac lymph nodes and sometimes in spleen or blood mononuclear cells by day 2, indicating that regional and distant spread of virus-infected cells occurred rapidly after mucosal exposure. By day 8, viral RNA, DNA, and culturable virus were uniformly detected in regional and distant tissues, connoting systemic infection. TSA-ISH proved more sensitive than DNA PCR in detecting early FIV-infected cells. In mucosal tissues, the earliest demonstrable FIV-bearing cells were either within or subjacent to the mucosal epithelium or were in germinal centers of regional lymph nodes. The FIV ؉ cells were of either of two morphological types, large stellate or small round. Those FIV RNA ؉ cells which could be colabeled for a phenotype marker, were labeled for either dendritic-cell-associated protein p55 or T-lymphocyte receptor antigen CD3. These studies indicate that FIV crosses mucous membranes within hours after exposure and rapidly traffics via dendritic and T cells to systemic lymphoid tissues, a pathway similar to that thought to occur in the initial phase of infection by the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses.

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“…Some have invoked direct "virotoxic" effects of HIV itself on enterocytes. [10][11][12][13] For example, the HIV accessory protein Tat has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on the uptake of glucose by enterocytes. 13 Moreover, HIV gp120 can lead to increased concentrations of calcium in enterocytes, which are associated with tubulin depolymerization and a decrease in the epithelial cells' ability to maintain ionic balances.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV infection and the gastrointestinal immune system

2008

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There has recently been a resurgence of interest in the gastrointestinal pathology observed in patients infected with HIV. The gastrointestinal tract is a major site of HIV replication, which results in massive depletion of lamina propria CD4 T cells during acute infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy leads to incomplete suppression of viral replication and substantially delayed and only partial restoration of gastrointestinal CD4 T cells. The gastrointestinal pathology associated with HIV infection comprises significant enteropathy with increased levels of inflammation and decreased levels of mucosal repair and regeneration. Assessment of gut mucosal immune system has provided novel directions for therapeutic interventions that modify the consequences of acute HIV infection.The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract forms a unique anatomical and physiological niche, serving as a predominant structural and immunological barrier against the microorganisms of the outside world. In addition, the tightly apposed enterocytes that form the single cell layer of the mucosal epithelium also absorb water and nutrients during the digestive process, which is critical to host survival. Hence, loss of the integrity of the mucosal surface results in multiple deleterious sequelae.

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Human immunodeficiency virus infection of enterocytes and mononuclear cells in human jejunal mucosa

Cited by 118 publications

References 18 publications

Infectious Agent and Immune Response Characteristics of Chronic Enterocolitis in Captive Rhesus Macaques

Infectious Agent and Immune Response Characteristics of Chronic Enterocolitis in Captive Rhesus Macaques

Early Pathogenesis of Transmucosal Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

HIV infection and the gastrointestinal immune system

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