Human Infection with a Reassortant Swine-Origin Influenza A(H1N2)v Virus in Taiwan, 2021

Abstract

Background: Influenza A virus infections occur in different species, causing mild-to-severe symptoms that lead to a heavy disease burden. H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 are major subtypes of swine influenza A viruses in pigs and occasionally infect humans.Methods: A case infected by novel influenza virus was found through laboratory surveillance system for influenza viruses. Clinical specimens were tested by virus culture and/or real-time RT–PCR. The virus was identified and characterized by gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysisResults: In 2021, for the first time in Taiwan, an influenza A(H1N2)v virus was isolated from a 5-year old girl who was suffering from fever, runny nose and cough. The isolated virus was designated A/Taiwan/1/2021(H1N2)v. Full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that A/Taiwan/1/2021(H1N2)v is a novel reassortant virus containing hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments derived from swine influenza A(H1N2) viruses that may have been circulating in Taiwan for decades, and the other 6 internal genes (PB2, PB2, PA, NP, M and NS) are from human A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses.Conclusion: Notably, the HA and NA genes of A/Taiwan/1/2021(H1N2)v separately belong to specific clades that are unique for Taiwanese swine and were proposed to be introduced from humans in different time periods. Bidirectional transmission between humans and swine contributes to influenza virus diversity and poses the next pandemic threat.

Long-term epidemiology and evolution of swine influenza viruses in Vietnam

“…The increasing genetic diversity of IAVs in swine presents a pandemic concern (4,6). Human infections of emerging SwIV are most frequently reported from the U.S.A. because all non-human influenza viruses are nationally notifiable in the U.S.A., with outbreaks occurring in agricultural fairs (7,8), however sporadic human cases due to SwIVs have recently been reported in Asia (9,10), Europe (11), and Australia (12).…”