Human Infection with Orf Virus and Description of Its Whole Genome, France, 2017

Andréani, Julien; Fongue, J.; Khalil, Jacques Bou; David, Laurene; Mougari, Said; Bideau, Marion Le; Abrahão, Jônatas Santos; Berbis, P.; Scola, Bernard La

doi:10.3201/eid2512.181513

Cited by 32 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The phylogenetic tree (of complete genome) showed the six goat ORFVs and seven sheep ORFVs formed distinctly separate branches except for Ger/D1701. Interestingly, this result slightly deviated from recently studied phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome, which forms two host-specific clades (Andreani et al;Zhong et al, 2019). However, our analysis in comparison to the previous study, showed increase the heterogeneity and unable to maintain the perfection of the host-specific clade.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 87%

“…The morbidity rate often reaches up to 100%, resulting in loss of body weight in adults, and feebler kids, thereby negatively affecting the herd economy (Haig & Mercer, 1998). Zoonosis leads to infections in animal handlers by forming painful lesions in hand and can spread to other organs like face and genitals (Andreani et al;Duchateau, Aerts, & Lambert, 2013;Rajkomar, Hannah, Coulson, Owen, & dermatology, 2016;Turk, Senturk, Dereli, & Yaman, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recombination may drive the emergence of Orf virus diversity: Evidence from the first complete genome of Indian Orf virus and comparative genomic analysis.

Sahu¹,

Majee²,

Singh³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Contagious ecthyma is a zoonotic disease caused by the Parapoxvirus virus, Orf (ORFV) affecting sheep, goats, humans and is widely distributed across the world, including India. Here, we have investigated the 2017 ORFV outbreak in goats that occurred in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The outbreak was characterized by a moderate rate of morbidity (up to 20%) with no mortality. Phylogenetic analysis of four partial genes, such as ORFV011, ORFV020, ORFV059, and ORFV108, revealed the transboundary potential of the virus by showing its relationship with a distinct geographical area. We characterized the complete genome of this strain named Ind/MP and performed comparative genomic analysis. The Ind/MP whole genome consists of 139,807 bp with GC content 63.7%. The genome contains 132 potential open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of 3,910 bp at both ends having terminal BamHI sites and conserved telomere resolution sequences. Population genetic parameters such as nucleotide diversity (π), selection pressure analysis (θ=dN/dS), etc. suggest that the ORFV resides under purifying selection. The potent molecular markers, such as Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) and compound SSRs (cSSRs) were more prevalent within the functional protein with the value 70% and 67%, respectively. A total number of forty recombination events were identified, out of which Ind/MP strain actively participate in twenty-one events suggesting that this strain can recombine for the generation of new variants.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombination may drive the emergence of Orf virus diversity: Evidence from the first complete genome of Indian Orf virus and comparative genomic analysis.

Sahu¹,

Majee²,

Singh³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Even within the same family, viruses have similar replication or life-cycle strategies, but may show different GC frequencies [48]. Although high GC amplification could have fixed erroneous base calls in the sequencing in an unpatterned and uneven manner, which might influence sequences reported and downstream analyses, we retrieved enough sequences and got the same conclusion with prior researches, which all indicated that the biological relevance of G/C richness and frequency [6,49,50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Genomic Features and Evolution of the Parapoxvirus during the Past Two Decades

et al. 2020

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Parapoxvirus (PPV) has been identified in some mammals and poses a great threat to both the livestock production and public health. However, the prevalence and evolution of this virus are still not fully understood. Here, we performed an in silico analysis to investigate the genomic features and evolution of PPVs. We noticed that although there were significant differences of GC contents between orf virus (ORFV) and other three species of PPVs, all PPVs showed almost identical nucleotide bias, that is GC richness. The structural analysis of PPV genomes showed the divergence of different PPV species, which may be due to the specific adaptation to their natural hosts. Additionally, we estimated the phylogenetic diversity of seven different genes of PPV. According to all available sequences, our results suggested that during 2010–2018, ORFV was the dominant virus species under the selective pressure of the optimal gene patterns. Furthermore, we found the substitution rates ranged from 3.56 × 10−5 to 4.21 × 10−4 in different PPV segments, and the PPV VIR gene evolved at the highest substitution rate. In these seven protein-coding regions, purifying selection was the major evolutionary pressure, while the GIF and VIR genes suffered the greatest positive selection pressure. These results may provide useful knowledge on the virus genetic evolution from a new perspective which could help to create prevention and control strategies.

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“…In that same paper, the authors address insect vectors as potential vectors of LSDV and even make a case that suggests house flies might play a role. As for the practical aspects of the ORF virus, we must focus not only on the economics of this virus [31], but also on its role as an important emerging infectious disease [2,32,33] both in sheep/goat hosts and with respect to its zoonosis and the infection of humans [34]. The persistence of the ORF virus in the environment, as well as in hosts, creates an ever-increasing contact for zoonoses or spillover into the human population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Role of the Common House Fly, Musca domestica, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions

et al. 2021

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ORF virus (Poxviridae) is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma (soremouth), a disease primarily affecting sheep and goats worldwide, but also humans exposed to disease-ridden animals. Pathogens are shed with scabs, and infection mainly occurs by direct contact. Although the disease is relatively benign and self-limiting, the morbidity rate is high in livestock with subsequent significant financial and economic impact. The aim of the study was to experimentally investigate the potential for the housefly, Musca domestica, to act as a mechanical vector of the virus. Homogenate of crusted scabs from ORFV-positive sheep (Italy, Apulia) were used to infect laboratory-reared flies. Flies walking on viral mixture and flies inoculated on their wings were individually placed in Falcon tubes and the ORFV DNA was searched by PCR on tube walls; flies were fed on the same homogenized crusts and their crop and spots (vomit and feces) molecularly examined for ORF DNA at 2, 4, and 6 h. All of the flies (100%) used in the experiments were able to pick up and transmit the viral genome to contact surfaces; 60% were found ORF virus (DNA)-positive in both spots and crop. These results suggest that M. domestica could play a role as potential mechanical vector and/or reservoir in the epidemiology of the ORF virus infection. Thus, house fly management should be considered in the measures to control the disease in ovine-caprine farms.

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Human Infection with Orf Virus and Description of Its Whole Genome, France, 2017

Cited by 32 publications

References 50 publications

Recombination may drive the emergence of Orf virus diversity: Evidence from the first complete genome of Indian Orf virus and comparative genomic analysis.

Recombination may drive the emergence of Orf virus diversity: Evidence from the first complete genome of Indian Orf virus and comparative genomic analysis.

Genomic Features and Evolution of the Parapoxvirus during the Past Two Decades

Study on the Role of the Common House Fly, Musca domestica, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions

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