Human Infections Due to Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: The Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Specialists’ Point of View

Guglielmetti, Lorenzo; Mougari, Faïza; Lopes, Amanda; Raskine, Laurent; Cambau, Emmanuelle

doi:10.2217/fmb.15.64

Cited by 37 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…avium was isolated in all cases, except one for which M . intracellulare was identified, which is consistent with the current literature [19, 23]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections in a French Hospital: A 12-Year Retrospective Study

et al. 2016

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BackgroundNontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental organisms associated with a range of infections. Reports of NTM epidemiology are mainly focused on pulmonary infections and isolations, and extrapulmonary infections are less frequently described.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of NTM infections at the Bordeaux University Hospital, France, between January 2002 and December 2013. We used the microbiologic component of the American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America's pulmonary NTM disease criteria to define cases of pulmonary NTM, and patients with isolates from a normally sterile site were classified as having extrapulmonary disease.ResultsIn our setting, 170 patients were included. Pulmonary cases predominated (54.1%), followed by skin and soft tissue infections (22.9%), disseminated cases (10.6%), lymphadenitis (7.7%), bone and joint infections (2.9%) and the remaining 1.8% catheter-related infections. Overall, 16 NTM species were isolated. Mycobacterium avium (31.8%) and M. intracellulare (20%) were the most common species identified, followed by M. marinum (13.5%), M. kansasii (10.6%), M. xenopi (9.4%), rapidly growing mycobacteria (9.4%) and other slowly growing mycobacteria (5.3%). In general, NTM isolates were largely prevalent in people older than 50 (62.4%); patients aged 1–10 year-old exclusively yielded M. avium from lymph nodes, almost cases having being diagnosed after 2007. Among the 121 patients with complete follow-up, 78 (64.5%), 24 (19.8%), and 19 (15.7%) were cured, experienced relapse, or died, respectively.ConclusionIn our study, extrapulmonary NTM infections represented almost half of cases, consisting mainly in skin and soft tissue infections. The increase lymphadenitis cases in children after 2007 could be linked to the cessation of mandatory BCG vaccination in France. We observed similar cure rates (64%) between pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections.

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“…avium was isolated in all cases, except one for which M . intracellulare was identified, which is consistent with the current literature [19, 23]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…It occurred in immunocompetent children less than 5 years old, which is consistent with other reports [23]. M .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections in a French Hospital: A 12-Year Retrospective Study

et al. 2016

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“…Most of the non-pathogenic saprophytic mycobacteria belong to the rapid-growing mycobacteria (RGM) group, although some of them, including M. abscessus , M. chelonae and M. fortuitum , have recently been classified as true opportunistic pathogens [1]. Mycobacterium abscessus is now recognized as the major pulmonary pathogen within the RGM [2], with cystic fibrosis (CF) patients being particularly vulnerable to infection with this mycobacterium [3–7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The distinct fate of smooth and roughMycobacterium abscessusvariants inside macrophages

et al. 2016

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Mycobacterium abscessus is a pathogenic, rapidly growing mycobacterium responsible for pulmonary and cutaneous infections in immunocompetent patients and in patients with Mendelian disorders, such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Mycobacterium abscessus is known to transition from a smooth (S) morphotype with cell surface-associated glycopeptidolipids (GPL) to a rough (R) morphotype lacking GPL. Herein, we show that M. abscessus S and R variants are able to grow inside macrophages and are present in morphologically distinct phagosomes. The S forms are found mostly as single bacteria within phagosomes characterized by a tightly apposed phagosomal membrane and the presence of an electron translucent zone (ETZ) surrounding the bacilli. By contrast, infection with the R form leads to phagosomes often containing more than two bacilli, surrounded by a loose phagosomal membrane and lacking the ETZ. In contrast to the R variant, the S variant is capable of restricting intraphagosomal acidification and induces less apoptosis and autophagy. Importantly, the membrane of phagosomes enclosing the S forms showed signs of alteration, such as breaks or partial degradation. Although not frequently encountered, these events suggest that the S form is capable of provoking phagosome–cytosol communication. In conclusion, M. abscessus S exhibits traits inside macrophages that are reminiscent of slow-growing mycobacterial species.

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“…Many types of NTM, which are common in biofilms [15] and dust [16], are increasingly being recognized as opportunistic human pathogens [17–19]. Surprisingly though, there is virtually no information on their recovery from inside the family car.…”

Section: Sources Of Microbes Their Allergens and Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne Infectious Agents and Other Pollutants in Automobiles for Domestic Use: Potential Health Impacts and Approaches to Risk Mitigation

Sattar

Wright

Zargar

et al. 2016

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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The world total of passenger cars is expected to go from the current one billion to >2.5 billion by 2050. Cars for domestic use account for ~74% of the world's yearly production of motorized vehicles. In North America, ~80% of the commuters use their own car with another 5.6% travelling as passengers. With the current life-expectancy of 78.6 years, the average North American spends 4.3 years driving a car! This equates to driving 101 minutes/day with a lifetime driving distance of nearly 1.3 million km inside the confined and often shared space of the car with exposure to a mix of potentially harmful pathogens, allergens, endotoxins, particulates, and volatile organics. Such risks may increase in proportion to the unprecedented upsurge in the numbers of family cars globally. Though new technologies may reduce the levels of air pollution from car exhausts and other sources, they are unlikely to impact our in-car exposure to pathogens. Can commercial in-car air decontamination devices reduce the risk from airborne infections and other pollutants? We lack scientifically rigorous protocols to verify the claims of such devices. Here we discuss the essentials of a customized aerobiology facility and test protocols to assess such devices under field-relevant conditions.

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Human Infections Due to Nontuberculous Mycobacteria: The Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Specialists’ Point of View

Cited by 37 publications

References 120 publications

Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections in a French Hospital: A 12-Year Retrospective Study

Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections in a French Hospital: A 12-Year Retrospective Study

The distinct fate of smooth and roughMycobacterium abscessusvariants inside macrophages

Airborne Infectious Agents and Other Pollutants in Automobiles for Domestic Use: Potential Health Impacts and Approaches to Risk Mitigation

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