Human Intelligence: Sex Differences

Jarvik, Lissy F.

doi:10.1017/s000156600001031x

Cited by 46 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…These findings are in agreement with studies showing sexual differences in the cognitive abilities of females and males. In human studies, men tend to be better at spatial orientation, while women at verbal activities (Jarvik, 1975). These differences seem to be due to organizational and activation effect of gonadal hormones, particularly oestrogen and testosterone (Sherwin, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of Amphetamine on Adult Male and Female Rats Prenatally Exposed to Methamphetamine

et al. 2014

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Abstract:The aim of the present study was to examine the cross-sensitization induced by prenatal methamphetamine (MA) exposure to adult amphetamine (AMP) treatment in male and female rats. Rat mothers received a daily injection of MA (5 mg/kg) or saline throughout the gestation period. Adult male and female offspring (prenatally MA-or saline-exposed) were administered with AMP (5 mg/kg) or saline (1 ml/kg) in adulthood. Behaviour in unknown environment was examined in open field test (Laboras), active drug-seeking behaviour in conditioned place preference test (CPP), spatial memory in the Morris water maze (MWM), and levels of corticosterone (CORT) were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Our data demonstrate that in Laboras test, AMP treatment in adulthood increased general locomotion (time and distance travelled) regardless of the prenatal exposure and sex, while AMP increased exploratory activity (rearing) only in prenatally MA-exposed animals. AMP induced sensitization only in male rats, but not in females when tested drug-seeking behaviour in the CPP test. In the spatial memory MWM test, AMP worsened the performance only in Prague Medical Report / Vol. 115 (2014) No. 1-2, p. 43-59 females, but not in males. On the other hand, males swam faster after chronic AMP treatment regardless of the prenatal drug exposure. EIA analysis of CORT levels demonstrated higher level in females in all measurement settings. In males, prenatal MA exposure and chronic adult AMP treatment decreased CORT levels. Thus, our data demonstrated that adult AMP treatment affects behaviour of adult rats, their spatial memory and stress response in sex-specific manner. The effect is also influenced by prenatal drug exposure. 44)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of Amphetamine on Adult Male and Female Rats Prenatally Exposed to Methamphetamine

et al. 2014

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“…However, normal males have a Y chromosome, whereas patients with Turner's syndrome are missing the second sex chromosome. The existence of a gene for spatial organization located on the Y chromosome might be a tempting postulate (Jarvik, 1975) to account for the Turner syndrome data, thereby suggesting a different genetic relationship.…”

Section: Genetic Influence On Sex Differences In Intellectual Functiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Cognitive Functioning: Evidence, Determinants, Implications

1980

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The purpose of this article is to examine the evidence for sex differences in cognitive functioning and to review and evaluate evidence for hormonal, genetic, neuro-anatomical, and cultural determinants of such differences. Inadequacies in the evidence for sex differences, such as underreporting of negative findings, failure to measure effect size, small sample sizes, etc., are noted. It is likely that sex hormones influence the organization and functioning of the brain. Sex differences in brain organization and functioning are discussed. In summary, the existence of sex differences in cognitive functioning is clear, but further research is needed to elucidate the determinants of these differences.

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“…Although there has long been an interest in sex differences in cognitive abilities (Jarvik, 1975; and see the review in Jensen, 1998) and although a number of different cognitive factors have been suggested as correlates to this sex difference, there have been relatively little data exploring sex differences across development from preschool into elderly adulthood using comprehensive measures of cognitive abilities and related achievement areas. Such differences are of interest both from a theoretical perspective towards understanding different and convergent neuropsychological development in males and females and from an applied perspective as any consistent developmental differences in males and females may have important performance ramifications.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such differences are of interest both from a theoretical perspective towards understanding different and convergent neuropsychological development in males and females and from an applied perspective as any consistent developmental differences in males and females may have important performance ramifications. There appears to be consensus for the view that males and females are not different in terms of general intellectual ability (GIA) (e.g., Jarvik, 1975;Jensen, 1998), but differences can be evident within various broad and narrow abilities that contribute to GIA (Baron-Cohen, 2003;Christen, 1991;Jarvik, 1975;Jensen, 1998). In this context, GIA is defined as general intelligence (g) scores representing the first principal component obtained from a principal component analysis (see Jensen, 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%