Human interaction with an “intelligent” machine

Human factors in aviation maintenance: Phase 1: Progress report.

“…For instance, one of the conclusions is that there is a need for tools that allow an operator to go beyond a computer's solution. As discussed above, particularly with regard to Case 3, and as discussed by Roth, Bennett, and Woods (1987) and Suchman (1987). operators frequently have knowledge or information which is not available to the computer, but which is critical to making a good decision.…”

“…The upshot is that the human operator is left to solve a difficult problem without the benefit of having developed expertise through solving other problems, because those were handled by the expert system! All of these problems and more arose in a study by Roth, Bennett, and Woods (1987), in which the authors observed technicians using an expert system to troubleshoot an electro-mechanical device. One of the major findings of the study was that only those technicians who were actively involved in the problem solving process and performed activities beyond those requested by the expert system were able to complete the tasks.…”

“…Roth, E. M., Bennett, K. B., & Woods, D. D. (1987). Human interaction with an "intelligent" machine.…”

“…(p. 415 ). Like Roth, Bennett, & Woods (1987), this article should be read by all those interested in supporting human performance through computational support. (1991).…”

Delegating to software agents

“…While the origins of this technology goes back many years to include expert systems, robotics and supervisory control systems (e.g. Negroponte, 1970, Minsky, Roth, Bennett andWoods, 1987;Woods, Johannesen and Potter, 1991), its popularity has grown rapidly in the past few years. One significant event for the popularity of agents was a 1987 promotional video from Apple Computer called the Knowledge Navigator.…”