Human iPSC-derived glia models for the study of neuroinflammation

Abstract

Neuroinflammation is a complex biological process that plays a significant role in various brain disorders. Microglia and astrocytes are the key cell types involved in inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Neuroinflammation results in increased levels of secreted inflammatory factors, such as cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. To model neuroinflammation in vitro, various human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based models have been utilized, including monocultures, transfer of conditioned media between cell types, co-culturing multiple cell types, neural organoids, and xenotransplantation of cells into the mouse brain. To induce neuroinflammatory responses in vitro, several stimuli have been established that can induce responses in either microglia, astrocytes, or both. Here, we describe and critically evaluate the different types of iPSC models that can be used to study neuroinflammation and highlight how neuroinflammation has been induced and measured in these cultures.

Humoral Cytokine Levels in Patients with Herpes Zoster: A Meta-Analysis

“…Neuroinflammation is a complex biological process that has an essential role in various neurological conditions and increases the secretion of various inflammatory mediators. 37 Here, HZ patients indicated significantly higher CRP, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 levels than controls. IL-6 is an early tissue damage marker associated with chronic inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases.…”

Microglial Senescence and Activation in Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease: Systematic Review and Neuropathological Scoring

“…In different animal species, these actions are performed in different contexts and ways, and there are significant differences between murine microglia (frequently used as a study model) and human microglia [3,22]. To overcome the limits of using rodent models, recently microglia obtained by differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been employed in monocultures, 2D co-cultures, 3D organoids, and even transplanted into the mouse brain [23]. On the other hand, it is clearly necessary to study microglia directly in human brain tissue.…”