Human Lactational and Ovarian Response to Endogenous Prolactin Release

Tyson, John E.; Friesen, Henry G.; Anderson, Mary B.

doi:10.1126/science.177.4052.897

Cited by 148 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The finding of complete cessation of pulsatile LH secretion during the nocturnal hours when hPRL secretion was maximal in case 9 with the Chiari-Frommel syndrome suggests that a similar mechanism may be operative in man (48). These results as well as the frequency with which amenorrhea is associated with galactorrhea suggests that the elevated hPRL levels per se may exert a direct effect on the normal hypothalamic regulation of LH and FSH secretion.…”

Section: Plasma Prolactin Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 53%

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function in Diverse Hyperprolactinemic States

Boyar¹,

Kapen²,

Finkelstein³

et al. 1974

J. Clin. Invest.

161

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A B S T R A C T Prolactin secretion in normal adults is characterized by periods of episodic secretion which increase in magnitude during sleep. In this study, we report the 24-h mean prolactin concentrations, prolactin secretory patterns, and associated pituitary hormone function in nine patients (seven women and two men) with hyperprolactinemia of diverse etiologies. Four of the women and one of the men had clinically demonstrable pituitary tumors, one boy had a hypothalamic tumor, and the three other women had "functional" hyperprolactinemia. The 24-h mean prolactin concentrations derived from averaging the 20-min interval samples for 24 h ranged from 28.6 to 1,220 ng/ml. The plasma prolactin patterns in these patients showed persistence of episodic secretion in all and loss of the normal sleepwake difference in plasma prolactin in seven of nine. Three of the patients with galactorrhea and comparable 24-h mean prolactin concentrations (58.3, 59.7, and 64.3 ng/ml) showed similar prolactin secretory patterns despite different etiologic mechanisms. Evaluation of the secretory patterns of luteinizing hormone (LH) in these patients showed loss of normal pulsatile LH release and a low 24-h mean LH concentration in the patient with the pituitary tumor, while the two patients without clinically demonstrable pituitary tumors ("post-pill" galactorrhea and "idiopathic" galactorrhea) showed normal LH secretory patterns and 24-h mean LH concentrations. The 24-h mean cortisol concentrations and secretory patterns were normal in five of the seven patients who had these parameters measured. The patient with the hypothalamic tumor had a low 24-h mean cortisol concentration and production rate and absent response to metyrapone. The patient with "idiopathic" galactorrhea had an elevated 24-h mean cortisol concentration but normal cortisol production rate and urinary 17-hydroxycorticoid excretion. Growth hormone secre-

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Section: Plasma Prolactin Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 53%

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function in Diverse Hyperprolactinemic States

Boyar¹,

Kapen²,

Finkelstein³

et al. 1974

J. Clin. Invest.

161

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“…This is consistent with the role of pituitary PRL during lactation. Although hypophysectomy or treatment with a dopamine agonist will stop lactation, the level of pituitary PRL secretion falls as lactation proceeds, without diminution in milk supply (Tyson et al, 1972). Local PRL may play a role in maintaining lactation during falling pituitary PRL secretion.…”

Section: Mammary Prl Production Is Not Required For Normal Developmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Transcriptional Changes Underlying Functional Defects in the Mammary Glands of Prolactin Receptor Knockout Mice

Ormandy

Naylor²,

Harris³

et al. 2003

Recent Progress in Hormone Research

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Knockout (KO) mice have been created that carry null mutations of genes encoding molecules essential for prolactin (PRL) release, PRL, the receptor for prolactin (PRLR), and various members of the receptor's signaling pathway. This allowed an in vivo genetic analysis of the role of PRL in target organ function. In PRLKO and PRLRKO mice, mammary ductal side branching was absent, terminal end bud (TEB)-like structures persisted at the ductal termini well into maturity, and no alveolar buds formed along the ductal tree. Transplants of recombined mammary glands formed from stromal and epithelial elements with and without PRLR showed normal development, while supplementation of progesterone levels in PRLKO animals restored ductal side branching. During pregnancy, PRLR heterozygous animals initially showed normal ductal and alveolar development. However, alveolar development stalled during late pregnancy, preventing successful lactation. This defect could be rescued by the loss of a single allele of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1 gene. Transplants of recombined glands containing PRLRKO epithelium and wild-type (WT) stroma formed alveolar buds during pregnancy but showed no lobuloalveolar development. Recombinations of WT epithelium and PRLRKO stroma showed normal development, demonstrating that a direct action of the lactogenic hormones is confined to the epithelium, to promote lobuloalveolar development. Transcript profiling of epithelial transplants expressing or not expressing PRLR was used during early pregnancy to investigate the transcriptional response to lactogens underlying this defect. Such profiling has identified a number of genes with well-characterized roles in mammary development, in addition to a number of novel transcripts.

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“…Elevated prolactin levels (hyperprolactinaemia) have also been linked with the inhibition of reproductive function (high-prolactinamenorrhoea) in women (Besser, Parke, Edwards, Forsyth & McNeilly, 1972; Tyson, Friesen & Anderson, 1972; Van Look, McNeilly, Hunter & Baird, 1977; Baird, McNeilly, Sawers & Sharpe, 1979) and in captive subordinate female talapoin monkeys, Miopithecus talapoin (Bowman, Dilley & Keverne, 1978;Keverne, 1979). In both cases, high prolactin concentrations were clearly associated with the inhibition of the ovulatory surge of pituitary LH in response to oestrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%