Human Methamphetamine-Related Fatalities in Taiwan During 1991–1996

Shaw, Kai-Ping

doi:10.1520/jfs14408j

Cited by 57 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Other fatalities have arisen from septic injection or asphyxia by aspiration of vomitus [57]. A number of studies suggest that a significant and possibly greater proportion of methamphetamine-related fatalities arise from accidents, suicide and homicides, suggesting severe psychological and behavioural disturbances at toxic doses [58][59][60]. [30][31][32]39,152,154] Arousal is facilitated by a1-and b-adrenoceptor stimulation in the medial basal forebrain [18].…”

Section: Methamphetamine Overdosementioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine

2009

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Aims To examine the literature regarding clinical pharmacokinetics, direct effects and adverse clinical outcomes associated with methamphetamine use. Methods Relevant literature was identified through a PubMed search. Additional literature was obtained from relevant books and monographs. Findings and conclusions The mean elimination half-life for methamphetamine is approximately 10 hours, with considerable inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics. Direct effects at low-to-moderate methamphetamine doses (5-30 mg) include arousal, positive mood, cardiac stimulation and acute improvement in cognitive domains such as attention and psychomotor coordination. At higher doses used typically by illicit users (Ն50 mg), methamphetamine can produce psychosis. Its hypertensive effect can produce a number of acute and chronic cardiovascular complications. Repeated use may induce neurotoxicity, associated with prolonged psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment and an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Abrupt cessation of repeated methamphetamine use leads to a withdrawal syndrome consisting of depressed mood, anxiety and sleep disturbance. Acute withdrawal lasts typically for 7-10 days, and residual symptoms associated with neurotoxicity may persist for several months.

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Section: Methamphetamine Overdosementioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine

2009

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“…Methamphetamine (MA) is a highly addictive substance (Woolverton et al, 1984) and MA abuse has been increasing worldwide (Shaw, 1999). It has been reported to have a long-term neurotoxic effect on dopaminergic neurons (Preston et al, 1985;Wilson et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontal Glucose Hypometabolism in Abstinent Methamphetamine Users

Kim

Lyoo

Hwang

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

111

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Changes in relative regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMRglc) and their potential gender differences in abstinent methamphetamine (MA) users were explored. Relative rCMRglc, as measured by 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, and frontal executive functions, as assessed by Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST), were compared between 35 abstinent MA users and 21 healthy comparison subjects. In addition, male and female MA users and their gender-matched comparison subjects were compared to investigate potential gender differences. MA users had lower rCMRglc levels in the right superior frontal white matter and more perseveration and nonperseveration errors in the WCST, relative to healthy comparison subjects. Relative rCMRglc in the frontal white matter correlated with number of errors in the WCST in MA users. In the subanalysis for gender differences, lower rCMRglc in the frontal white matter and more errors in the WCST were found only in male MA users, not in female MA users, relative to their gender-matched comparison subjects. The current findings suggest that MA use causes persistent hypometabolism in the frontal white matter and impairment in frontal executive function. Our findings also suggest that the neurotoxic effect of MA on frontal lobes of the brain might be more prominent in men than in women.

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“…One reason may be the persistence of metabolite abnormalities in the brain of currently abstinent former methamphetamine users.In this study, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine plus phosphocreatine (Cr ϩ PCr), and choline-containing compound (Cho) levels were measured in the left and right basal ganglia using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) The number of abusers of the highly addictive drug methamphetamine has risen substantially worldwide and this has raised important concerns (Woolverton et al 1984;Baberg et al 1996;Shaw 1999). For example, chronic methamphetamine users show psychosis and anxiety following intoxication and withdrawal (Seivewright 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of abusers of the highly addictive drug methamphetamine has risen substantially worldwide and this has raised important concerns (Woolverton et al 1984;Baberg et al 1996;Shaw 1999). For example, chronic methamphetamine users show psychosis and anxiety following intoxication and withdrawal (Seivewright 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolite Alterations in Basal Ganglia Associated with Methamphetamine-related Psychiatric Symptoms A Proton MRS Study

Sekine

Minabe

Kawai

et al. 2002

Neuropsychopharmacology

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Following the chronic use of methamphetamine, some individuals experience psychosis and anxiety. One reason may be the persistence of metabolite abnormalities in the brain of currently abstinent former methamphetamine users.In this study, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine plus phosphocreatine (Cr ϩ PCr), and choline-containing compound (Cho) levels were measured in the left and right basal ganglia using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) The number of abusers of the highly addictive drug methamphetamine has risen substantially worldwide and this has raised important concerns (Woolverton et al. 1984;Baberg et al. 1996;Shaw 1999). For example, chronic methamphetamine users show psychosis and anxiety following intoxication and withdrawal (Seivewright 2000). In addition, in some individuals, these psychiatric states may be present for months or even years after cessation of methamphetamine use (Sato et al. 1992;Iwanami et al. 1994;Buffenstein et al. 1999;Iyo et al. 1999). Although there are growing clinical observations on the neurotoxicology of chronic methamphetamine use, the mechanism by which the residual psychiatric problems arise from chronic methamphetamine NO . 3 use remains unknown. In rodents and baboons, methamphetamine has been shown to be toxic to dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons (Nakayama et al. 1993;Villemagne et al. 1998;Kokoshka et al. 1998). These neurotoxic effects include decreased concentrations of dopamine and serotonin in the brain and a reduction of dopamine and serotonin transporters, as well as loss of ATP and mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons (Chan et al. 1994;Burrows et al. 2000;Lotharius and O'Malley 2001). Human positron emission tomography (PET) studies have reported a significant reduction of dopamine transporter density in methamphetamine users Volkow et al. 2001), and that the reduction observed in methamphetamine users is associated with psychomotor impairment (Volkow et al. 2001). Recently, we have also found that the dopamine transporter density in methamphetamine users is inversely related to the length of methamphetamine use and the magnitude of psychiatric symptoms, including psychotic symptoms (Sekine et al. 2001).In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS) and its variant 1 H MRS techniques provide insight into the metabolism of several endogenous brain chemicals (Miller 1991;Jackson 1992). A recent 1 H MRS study showed evidence for long-term metabolite alterations in currently abstinent former methamphetamine users, that is, reduced concentration of both N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and creatine plus phosphocreatine (Cr ϩ PCr) in the right basal ganglia (Ernst et al. 2000). However, it is unclear whether these abnormalities detected by 1 H MRS are related to psychiatric symptoms that are frequently observed in abstinent methamphetamine users.In this study, we investigated changes of the chemistry in the basal ganglia of abstinent methamphetamine users by 1 H MRS, and examined any relationship between the changes and clinical cha...

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Human Methamphetamine-Related Fatalities in Taiwan During 1991–1996

Cited by 57 publications

References 8 publications

A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine

A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine

Frontal Glucose Hypometabolism in Abstinent Methamphetamine Users

Metabolite Alterations in Basal Ganglia Associated with Methamphetamine-related Psychiatric Symptoms A Proton MRS Study

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