Human microbiome in respiratory diseases

Comparative Microbiome Signatures and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Mouse, Rat, Non-human Primate, and Human Feces

“…The gut microbiome plays a key role in various aspects of human health including nutrient digestion and metabolism, development and maturation of immune system, protection from infections, nervous system development, and has widespread influence beyond the gastrointestinal tract ( Blanton et al, 2016 ; Kho and Lal, 2018 ). Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the association of gut microbes with a wide array of cardiometabolic and chronic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, atopic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, anxiety, depression, bowel diseases, diarrhea, constipation, and brain diseases including Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and others ( Bakhtiar et al, 2013 ; Cojocaru and Chicos, 2014 ; Althani et al, 2016 ; Coit and Sawalha, 2016 ; Scher et al, 2016 ; Davis and Bajaj, 2017 ; Gundogdu and Nalbantoglu, 2017 ; Ipci et al, 2017 ; Ruiz-Rodriguez and Rello, 2017 ; Shivaji, 2017 ; Blutt et al, 2018 ; Davidson and Epperson, 2018 ). However, given the practical and ethical complexity of performing invasive sampling procedures in human subjects, high inter-individual variation in the diets and in the gut microbiomes of humans, and relative ease of using animals with controlled diets for large scale mechanistic and genotypic research studies, different types of animals models including rodents (mice, rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters), rabbits, pigs, zebra fish, and non-human primates (NHPs; e.g., macaques and vervet monkeys) have been developed and are frequently used to investigate the multiple dynamics of host–microbiome interactions ( Gootenberg and Turnbaugh, 2011 ; Tlaskalova-Hogenova et al, 2014 ; Amato et al, 2015 ; National Academies of Sciences et al, 2018 ; Nagpal et al, 2018 ).…”