Human Milk Lipids Bind Shiga Toxin

Herrera-Insua, Irene; Gomez, Henry F.; Diaz-Gonzalez, Vicente A.; Chaturvedi, Prasoon; Newburg, David S.; Cleary, Thomas G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1371-1_41

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This study has confirmed that the cytotocity of milk is due to the cream fraction, as previously reported [Sakaguchi et al, 1995]. This is also in agreement with previous observations that show that the activity related to prior exposure to infectious agents was mostly found in the aqueous fraction of milk [Herrera‐Insua et al, 2001].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Human milk can neutralize Coxsackievirus B4 in vitro

Sané¹,

Alidjinou²,

Kacet

et al. 2013

Journal of Medical Virology

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The role of enteroviruses in type 1 diabetes has long been suspected. A lower risk of type 1 diabetes is associated with breastfeeding, which could be due to a protective effect against enteroviruses. The neutralizing activity of breast milk against CVB4, a representative of enteroviruses was investigated in this study in vitro. Breast milk was cytotoxic to Hep-2 cells up to a dilution of 1/32, whereas the aqueous fraction obtained after centrifugation was not cytotoxic; although it inhibited the cytopathic effect of CVB4 on Hep-2 cell monolayers. The anti-CVB4 neutralizing activity of aqueous fractions of breast milk from 49 donors living in Northern France and 15 donors living in Congo, where enteroviral infections are more prevalent, were determined. The levels of colostrum activity expressed as titre ranged from <2 to 32 in 36% of the donors from France whereas they were >128 in every donor from Congo. Pasteurized colostrum had a lower anti-CVB4 activity compared to fresh samples (P < 0.0001, n = 49). The treatment of colostrum samples with jacalin-coated beads that bind specifically to human IgA, showed that IgA plays a role in anti-CVB4 activity. There was no correlation between the neutralizing activities of breast milk and serum (P = 0.37, n = 25). The current study showed that the variations in anti-CVB4 activity in breast milk can be attributed to environmental and living conditions. Whether a low protective activity of breast milk against enteroviruses expose newborns to a higher risk of type 1 diabetes deserves further investigation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Human milk can neutralize Coxsackievirus B4 in vitro

Sané¹,

Alidjinou²,

Kacet

et al. 2013

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…(29). However, this may not be the case for mothers in the first postnatal week or in late lactation stages because the alveolar epithelium is less intact (29). In addition, we found no significant relationship between AFM1 concentration and infant's age, indicating that the level of AFM1 secretion in breast milk is the same during the lactation period.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 59%

“…The mean concentration of AFM1 was 4.2±0.9 ng/L in breast milk of mothers with male infants and 4±0.6 ng/L in breast milk of mothers with female infants (P=0.36). (29). However, this may not be the case for mothers in the first postnatal week or in late lactation stages because the alveolar epithelium is less intact (29).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Aflatoxin M1 Level in Human Breast Milk samples from Jiroft, South of Iran

Kamali

Sarvtin

2020

mljgoums

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Background and Objective: Human breast milk is the primary food for newborns that possess all essential nutrients for their growth and health. However, breast milk can be contaminated with various toxins including aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 formed in the liver and excreted into the breast milk. This toxin can have immunosuppressive, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. The present study aimed to investigate the level of AFM1 in human breast milk samples from Jiroft (Kerman Province), Iran. Methods: A total of 84 human breast milk samples were collected from lactating mothers who were referred to number one clinic in Jiroft from April 2016 to January 2017. The level of AFM1 was measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: Aflatoxin M1 was detected in all (100%) human breast milk samples within the interval values of 3.2 to 8.8 ng/L (mean, 4.1±0.7 ng/L). The level of AFM1 in all samples was lower than the maximum tolerable limit (25 ng/L) suggested by the EU and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Conclusion: Although AFM1 is present in all human breast milk samples from the city of Jiroft, the level of this toxin is within the tolerable limit. Therefore, it seems that infants are not at risk.

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“…While the interactions between glycans and infectious agents can be challenging to study, once the glycan receptor is identified, further development into a therapeutic is extremely promising, as this class of compounds offers a suitable alternative to antibiotics or antivirals. Indeed, Nature uses this approach; soluble glycans, such as human milk oligosaccharides and mucins, capture and aid in removal of microbes 205–209. Glycan‐based drugs act as competitive inhibitors for the cellular receptor, arresting and eliminating the microbe in a no‐kill manner 210.…”

Section: Practical Applications Of Glycansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycan‐based high‐affinity ligands for toxins and pathogen receptors

Kulkarni

Weiss

Iyer

2010

Medicinal Research Reviews

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Glycans decorate over 95% of the mammalian cell surface in the form of glycolipids and glycoproteins. Several toxins and pathogens bind to these glycans to enter the cells. Understanding the fundamentals of the complex interplay between microbial pathogens and their glycan receptors at the molecular level could lead to the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostics. Using Shiga toxin and influenza virus as examples, we describe the complex biological interface between host glycans and these infectious agents, and recent strategies to develop glycan-based high-affinity ligands. These molecules are expected to ultimately be incorporated into diagnostics and therapeutics, and can be used as probes to study important biological processes. Additionally, by focusing on the specific glycans that microbial pathogens target, we can begin to decipher the "glycocode" and how these glycans participate in normal and aberrant cellular communication.

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Human Milk Lipids Bind Shiga Toxin

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

Human milk can neutralize Coxsackievirus B4 in vitro

Human milk can neutralize Coxsackievirus B4 in vitro

Evaluation of Aflatoxin M1 Level in Human Breast Milk samples from Jiroft, South of Iran

Glycan‐based high‐affinity ligands for toxins and pathogen receptors

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