Human Milk SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies up to 6 Months After Vaccination

Perez, Stephanie; Centeno, Luis Diego Luna; Cheng, Wesley A.; Ruiz, Carolyn Jennifer Marentes; Lee, Yesun; Congrave-Wilson, Zion; Powell, Rebecca; Stellwagen, Lisa M.; Pannaraj, Pia S.

doi:10.1542/peds.2021-054260

Cited by 38 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Measurement of human milk IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies targeting the SARS CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) within the spike protein was performed using a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique ( 6 , 23 ). In brief, to remove cells and fat, thawed human milk samples were centrifuged at 1,000 G for 10 min twice.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This assay has been previously shown to correlate with the SARS CoV-2 90% plaque reduction neutralization test titer assay ( 24 ). We modified this assay as described previously to work with human milk ( 6 ). In brief, human milk was mixed with an equal volume of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to recombinant SARS CoV-2 RBD protein and incubated at 37°C for 30 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maternal transfer of protective SARS CoV-2 specific antibodies is thought to be a major contributor to this natural protection. Numerous studies have demonstrated that SARS CoV-2 infection of mothers during pregnancy leads to transplacental transfer of neutralizing IgG and production of IgA in breastmilk ( 6 – 9 ). Unfortunately, this relative protection is not complete.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Now as the pandemic continues, efforts to vaccinate pregnant and breastfeeding mothers against SARS CoV-2 are critical to further protect them and their infants. As in natural infection, vaccines appear to provide some level of transferred antibodies from mother to infant both through transplacental transport and breastmilk ( 6 , 15 – 22 ). Most USA studies thus far have focused on the standard 2 dose series of the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2, Pfizer-BioNTech; mRNA-1273, Moderna) or single dose of the adenovirus based COVID-19 vaccine (Ad26.COV2.S, Janssen/Johnson and Johnson).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Booster Effects Are Seen in Human Milk Antibody Response

et al. 2022

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Infants remain at high risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Human milk contains high levels of protective SARS CoV-2 specific antibodies post-infection and primary vaccine series, but levels decline over time. We hypothesized that the COVID-19 booster vaccine augment antibody production and the protection afforded to human milk-fed infants. We prospectively enrolled pregnant or lactating mothers planning to receive COVID-19 vaccination. We measured human milk IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies targeting the SARS CoV-2 receptor binding domain within the spike protein and human milk neutralization activity against SARS CoV-2 in 10 lactating mothers from pre-COVID-19 primary series vaccine to post-booster dose. Human milk SARS CoV-2 specific IgG increased significantly from pre- to post-booster levels (median OD 0.33 vs. 2.02, P = 0.002). The IgG levels post-booster were even higher than the peak level after the primary series (2.02 vs. 0.95, P = 0.03). The increase in SARS CoV-2 specific IgA levels was not significant (0.10 vs. 0.33, P = 0.23). There was a strong correlation between paired maternal blood and milk IgG and IgA levels (IgG rho 0.52, P < 0.001, IgA rho 0.31, P = 0.05). Post-booster neutralizing activity was elevated compared to pre-booster levels (66% vs. 12% inhibition, P = 0.002). COVID-19 vaccine booster elicits SARS CoV-2 specific antibodies in human milk at higher levels compared to the initial primary series. This finding suggests that three doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination leads to improved mucosal response in human milk and reinforces current guidance recommending all pregnant or lactating mothers receive full COVID-19 vaccine courses with a booster dose.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Booster Effects Are Seen in Human Milk Antibody Response

et al. 2022

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“…Neutralizing activity was seen in 83.3%, 70.4%, and 25.0% of milk samples at 1, 3, and 6 months post-vaccination. This study also showed that human milk samples showed similar IgG and neutralizing activity pre- and post-pasteurization, suggesting that also donor milk may confer passive immunization [ 107 ]. Recently, another prospective study compared IgA and IgG response and neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk between lactating and vaccinated women out to 90 days after infection or vaccination.…”

Section: Breastfeeding and Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Exclusive Breastfeeding and Vitamin D Supplementation: A Positive Synergistic Effect on Prevention of Childhood Infections?

Domenici¹,

Vierucci²

2022

IJERPH

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Human milk is the best food for infants. Breastfeeding has been associated with a reduced risk of viral and bacterial infections. Breast milk contains the perfect amount of nutrients needed to promote infant growth, except for vitamin D. Vitamin D is crucial for calcium metabolism and bone health, and it also has extra-skeletal actions, involving innate and adaptive immunity. As exclusive breastfeeding is a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency, infants should be supplemented with vitamin D at least during the first year. The promotion of breastfeeding and vitamin D supplementation represents an important objective of public health.

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The protective role of maternal genetic immunization on maternal‐fetal health and welfare

Ahmed,

Jiang,

Liu

et al. 2023

Intl J Gynecology & Obste

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Pregnancy is a critical period associated with alterations in physiologic, biologic, and immunologic processes, which can affect maternal‐fetal health through development of several infectious diseases. At birth, neonates have an immature immune system that makes them more susceptible to severe viral infections and diseases. For this reason, different maternal nutritional and immunization interventions have been used to improve the immune and health status of the mother and her neonate through passive immunity. Here, we reviewed the protective role of maternal immunization with different types of vaccines, especially genetic vaccines, during pregnancy in maternal‐fetal health, immune response, colostrum quality, immune response, and anti‐oxidative status. For this purpose, we have used different scientific databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) and other official web pages. We customized the search period range from the year 2000 to 2023 using the key words “maternal immunization” OR “gestation period/pregnancy” OR “genetic vaccination” OR “maternal‐fetal health” OR “micronutrients” OR “neonatal immunity” “oxidative stress” OR “colostrum quality”. The evidence demonstrated that inactivated or killed vaccines produced significant immune protection in the mother and fetus. Furthermore, most recent studies have suggested that the use of genetic vaccines (mRNA and DNA) during pregnancy is efficient at triggering the immune response in mother and neonate without the risk of undesired pregnancy outcomes. However, factors such as maternal redox balance, nutritional status, and the timing of immunization play essential roles in regulating immune response inflammatory status, antioxidant capacity, and the welfare of both the pregnant mother and her newborn.

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Human Milk SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies up to 6 Months After Vaccination

Cited by 38 publications

References 29 publications

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Booster Effects Are Seen in Human Milk Antibody Response

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Booster Effects Are Seen in Human Milk Antibody Response

Exclusive Breastfeeding and Vitamin D Supplementation: A Positive Synergistic Effect on Prevention of Childhood Infections?

The protective role of maternal genetic immunization on maternal‐fetal health and welfare

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