Human Norovirus as a Foodborne Pathogen: Challenges and Developments

Moore, Matthew D.; Goulter, Rebecca M.; Jaykus, Lee‐Ann

doi:10.1146/annurev-food-022814-015643

Cited by 98 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…S10A and B). These results indicate that this replication system is amenable to determining the infectivity of low levels of virus, as has been observed in emesis, contaminated food and in fecal samples after recovery from illness (8, 22, 23). This replication system also will allow evaluation of whether virus, currently detected in a variety of samples using molecular methods, is infectious and poses a potential risk to human health.…”

Section: Replication Of Some Hunov Strains Requires the Presence Of Bilesupporting

confidence: 57%

“…Attempts to culture HuNoVs in transformed intestinal epithelial cells and in primary human immune cells have been unsuccessful (8, 11, 12). We hypothesized that a novel culture system pioneered by the Clevers group in the Netherlands that generates human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) from stem cells isolated from intestinal crypts in human intestinal tissues (13, 14) and recapitulates the natural intestinal epithelium should support HuNoV growth.…”

Section: Ex Vivo Human Intestinal Enteroid Cultures Support Hunov Repmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell–derived human enteroids

Ettayebi

Crawford

Murakami

et al. 2016

Science

1,131

1,265

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The major barrier to research and development of effective interventions for human noroviruses (HuNoVs) has been the lack of a robust and reproducible in vitro cultivation system. HuNoVs are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. We report successful cultivation of multiple HuNoV strains in enterocytes in stem cell-derived, nontransformed human intestinal enteroid monolayer cultures. Bile, a critical factor of the intestinal milieu, is required for strain-dependent HuNoV replication. Lack of appropriate histoblood group antigen expression in intestinal cells restricts virus replication, and infectivity is abrogated by inactivation (e.g., irradiation, heating) and serum neutralization. This culture system recapitulates the human intestinal epithelium, permits human host-pathogen studies of previously noncultivatable pathogens, and allows the assessment of methods to prevent and treat HuNoV infections.

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Section: Replication Of Some Hunov Strains Requires the Presence Of Bilesupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Ex Vivo Human Intestinal Enteroid Cultures Support Hunov Repmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell–derived human enteroids

Ettayebi

Crawford

Murakami

et al. 2016

Science

1,131

1,265

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“…NoV is a highly infectious and rapidly evolving RNA virus that is responsible for the majority of acute gastroenteritis cases around the world (160)(161)(162). There is no vaccine or therapeutic intervention available to prevent or control NoV infections.…”

Section: Foodborne Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Navigating Microbiological Food Safety in the Era of Whole-Genome Sequencing

et al. 2016

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SUMMARYThe epidemiological investigation of a foodborne outbreak, including identification of related cases, source attribution, and development of intervention strategies, relies heavily on the ability to subtype the etiological agent at a high enough resolution to differentiate related from nonrelated cases. Historically, several different molecular subtyping methods have been used for this purpose; however, emerging techniques, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based techniques, that use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) offer a resolution that was previously not possible. With WGS, unlike traditional subtyping methods that lack complete information, data can be used to elucidate phylogenetic relationships and disease-causing lineages can be tracked and monitored over time. The subtyping resolution and evolutionary context provided by WGS data allow investigators to connect related illnesses that would be missed by traditional techniques. The added advantage of data generated by WGS is that these data can also be used for secondary analyses, such as virulence gene detection, antibiotic resistance gene profiling, synteny comparisons, mobile genetic element identification, and geographic attribution. In addition, several software packages are now available to generatein silicoresults for traditional molecular subtyping methods from the whole-genome sequence, allowing for efficient comparison with historical databases. Metagenomic approaches using next-generation sequencing have also been successful in the detection of nonculturable foodborne pathogens. This review addresses state-of-the-art techniques in microbial WGS and analysis and then discusses how this technology can be used to help support food safety investigations. Retrospective outbreak investigations using WGS are presented to provide organism-specific examples of the benefits, and challenges, associated with WGS in comparison to traditional molecular subtyping techniques.

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“…Laboratory or field investigations have evaluated the efficacy of these disinfectants for the inactivation of enteric viruses [5,73]. However, most of these studies have focused on human norovirus and cultivable surrogates as enteric virus models because human norovirus combines many of the epidemiological characteristics of enteric viruses [74].…”

Section: Inactivation Of Enteric Viruses On Fomites: Chemical Disinfementioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance of Enteric Viruses on Fomites

et al. 2017

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Human enteric viruses are associated with several clinical features, especially gastroenteritis. Large amounts of these viruses can be released in the environment and spread to people. Enteric viruses are nonenveloped viruses and have displayed good survival in the environment. They can be significantly resistant in food and water but also on fomites, and this is thought to play a role in transmission, leading to sporadic cases or outbreaks. The survival of enteric viruses on fomites relies on many factors including the virus itself, fomite properties, and extrinsic environmental factors such as temperature or relative humidity. Several reports in the literature have found an association with gastroenteritis cases or outbreaks and fomites naturally contaminated by enteric viruses. However, the study of virus survival following natural contamination is challenging, and most published studies are laboratory based, using experimental contamination. In addition, recent and detailed data on the resistance of each of the main enteric viruses on fomites are scarce. Many approaches, both physical and chemical, can be used to inactivate enteric viruses, the efficacy of which depends on the virus and the disinfection conditions.

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Human Norovirus as a Foodborne Pathogen: Challenges and Developments

Cited by 98 publications

References 146 publications

Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell–derived human enteroids

Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell–derived human enteroids

Navigating Microbiological Food Safety in the Era of Whole-Genome Sequencing

Resistance of Enteric Viruses on Fomites

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