Human Noroviruses in Swine and Cattle

Mattison, Kirsten; Shukla, Anu; Cook, Angela; Pollari, Frank; Friendship, Robert; Kelton, D.F.; Bidawid, Sabah; Farber, Jeffrey M.

doi:10.3201/eid1308.070005

Cited by 179 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Even though different ages of pigs were tested, NoVs were detected only in finisher pigs (7). A Canadian study reported 25% prevalence (41), and many other studies found lower prevalence rates: 2% to 4.6% in Europe (5, 42), 9% in New Zealand (43), 8% in Brazil (44), and Ͻ1% to 15% in Asia (8,15,22). These differences could be due to different geographical locations, different ages of pigs sampled, or the use of different detection methods and primers with various specificities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Porcine Noroviruses, Molecular Characterization of Emerging Porcine Sapoviruses from Finisher Swine in the United States, and Unified Classification Scheme for Sapoviruses

et al. 2013

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Noroviruses (NoVs) and sapoviruses (SaVs) are important human pathogens. Although the involvement of porcine NoVs in disease in pigs is unclear, they are genetically and antigenically closely related to human NoVs. Human NoV-like strains have been detected in pigs, raising public health concerns of potential interspecies transmission. Porcine SaVs are highly diverse and emerging in swine populations. Recently, at least three new genogroups of porcine SaVs have been proposed. In this study, we tested 413 pooled fecal samples collected from apparently healthy finisher pigs in North Carolina swine farms during 2009. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR coupled hybridization assays were performed to detect known porcine NoVs. The overall prevalence of porcine NoVs determined was 18.9% based on this method. Samples were then tested by RT-PCR targeting the 5= end of the capsid region for genogroup II (GII) NoVs, a group which includes human NoVs, followed by sequence analysis. All NoVs identified belonged to typical porcine NoV genotypes, and no human NoV-like strains were detected in specimens from these pigs. Porcine NoV-negative samples (n ‫؍‬ 335) were subsequently screened using universal calicivirus primers, and 17 SaV strains were confirmed by sequencing. Based on the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region, they clustered with GIII, GVII, and GVIII and with currently unclassified SaVs. According to analysis of the complete capsid sequences, 7 representative strains clustered with GVII, GVIII, and GIX? SaVs. We tentatively classified SaVs into 14 genogroups based on the complete capsid protein VP1. In summary, porcine NoVs and highly divergent SaVs were present in North Carolina finisher pigs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Porcine Noroviruses, Molecular Characterization of Emerging Porcine Sapoviruses from Finisher Swine in the United States, and Unified Classification Scheme for Sapoviruses

et al. 2013

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“…Although it has not yet been reported, homologous recombination between swine and human NoV genomes could lead to new variants with altered tropisms and virulence characteristics. Recent findings indicate that such events could happen because (i) seroprevalence studies have shown that pigs' sera contain antibodies against human NoVs (18); (ii) human GII.4 NoVs can infect piglets experimentally (9) and human GII NoV genomic sequences have been detected in the manure of pigs (44); and (iii) surveillance studies with bivalve mollusks, a common source of food-borne NoV gastroenteritis, have demonstrated the simultaneous presence of both human and swine NoVs (13), leading to concerns about the risk of coinfection with human and animal NoV strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Assembly of the Recombinant Capsid Protein of a Swine Norovirus into Virus-Like Particles and Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibodies Cross-Reactive with a Human Strain from Genogroup II

Almanza¹,

Cubillos²,

Ângulo³

et al. 2008

J Clin Microbiol

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Noroviruses (NoVs) are responsible for the majority of gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans. Recently, NoV strains which are genetically closely related to human genogroup II (GII) NoVs have been detected in fecal specimens from swine. These findings have raised concern about the possible role of pigs as reservoirs for NoVs that could infect humans. To better understand the epidemiology of swine NoVs in both the swine and the human populations, rapid immunoassays are needed. In this study, baculovirus recombinants were generated to express the capsid gene of a swine NoV GII genotype 11 (GII.11) strain which self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs). Subsequently, the purified VLPs were used to evoke monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in mice. A panel of eight promising MAbs was obtained and evaluated for their ability to bind to heterologous VLPs, denaturated antigens, and truncated capsid proteins. The MAbs could be classified into two groups: two MAbs that recognized linear epitopes located at the amino-terminal half (shell domain) of the swine NoV GII.11 VLPs and that cross-reacted with human GII.4 NoV VLPs. The other six MAbs bound to conformational epitopes and did not cross-react with the human GII.4 VLPs. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the characterization of MAbs against swine NoVs. The swine NoV VLPs and the MAbs described here may be further used for the design of diagnostic reagents that could help increase our knowledge of the prevalence of NoV infections in pigs and the possible role of pigs as reservoirs for NoVs.

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“…GI and GII are further divided into many genotypes, and this classification is in constant evolution with the discovery of new strains. NoV has also been detected in several animal species, including swine, cattle, mice, lions, and dogs (21,28,30,32,51). Among them, bovine and murine strains are classified as GIII and GV, respectively, and are genetically distinct from human strains (21,37,42).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequent Detection of Noroviruses and Sapoviruses in Swine and High Genetic Diversity of Porcine Sapovirus in Japan during Fiscal Year 2008

Nakamura

Saga²,

Iwai

et al. 2010

J Clin Microbiol

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A molecular biological survey on porcine norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV) was conducted in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, during fiscal year 2008. Both NoV and SaV were detected from swine fecal samples throughout the surveillance period, indicating that these viruses were circulating in this region. NoV strains detected in this study belonged to three genotypes that are known as typical swine NoVs. Although human NoVs were occasionally detected, it was unclear whether they replicated in pigs. As for SaV, genogroup VII (GVII) and other divergent genogroups were identified in addition to the dominant genogroup, GIII, which is the prototypic porcine SaV. In addition, 3 strains genetically related to human SaV were detected. Two of these 3 strains were closely related to human SaV GV. Our study showed that genetic diversification of porcine SaV is currently progressing in the swine population.

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Human Noroviruses in Swine and Cattle

Abstract: Detection of GII.4 norovirus sequences in animal fecal samples and retail meats demonstrates that noroviruses may be transmitted zoonotically.

Cited by 179 publications

References 37 publications

Prevalence of Porcine Noroviruses, Molecular Characterization of Emerging Porcine Sapoviruses from Finisher Swine in the United States, and Unified Classification Scheme for Sapoviruses

Prevalence of Porcine Noroviruses, Molecular Characterization of Emerging Porcine Sapoviruses from Finisher Swine in the United States, and Unified Classification Scheme for Sapoviruses

Self-Assembly of the Recombinant Capsid Protein of a Swine Norovirus into Virus-Like Particles and Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibodies Cross-Reactive with a Human Strain from Genogroup II

Frequent Detection of Noroviruses and Sapoviruses in Swine and High Genetic Diversity of Porcine Sapovirus in Japan during Fiscal Year 2008

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