Human Orbital Muscle: A New Point of View from the Fetal Development of Extraocular Connective Tissues

Osanai, Hajime; Abe, Shinichi; Rodríguez‐Vázquez, José Francisco; Verdugo-López, Samuel; Murakami, Gen; Ohguro, Hiroshi

doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6013

Cited by 26 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The normal muscles do not make a cluster but are distributed at the proper sites in the size of the present specimen (Osanai et al, 2010). The extraocular muscles and bony cranium develop simultaneously (Plock et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Fetal head anomaly restricted to the eye, the mandible, and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid: A histological study

Jin

Kim

et al. 2011

Clinical Anatomy

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A report on an unusual combination of anomalies in the head of a female fetus. The authors examined whole body semiserial paraffin sections of a female fetus (155 mm CRL; ∼18 weeks of gestation), with a particular focus on the head region. Cranial autonomic ganglia, nasal olfactory cells, and the orbital muscle were investigated using immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase, vasoactive intestinal peptide, calretinin, and smooth muscle actin expression. The surface gross anatomy of the fetus appeared normal. The left eyeball lacked a lens (the eyeballs were otherwise normal). The orbital muscle was very thick and located in the anterolateral side of the extraocular muscles. Conversely, the extraocular muscles made a cluster in the superoposterior side of the orbit. The infratemporal fossa was small due to the bulky, transversely extended lateral pterygoid process in contrast to the small coronoid process of the mandible. The bilateral mandibular bases overlapped at the midline symphysis. The thin orbitosphenoid and thick alisphenoid provided an almost flat, anterior cranial base. Nasal olfactory cells and cranial autonomic ganglia appeared to be normal. No major anomaly was observed in the brain. Because of the changes in topographical anatomy, the orbital muscle probably lost its normal bony attachment and appeared to push the extraocular muscles superoposteriorly. A gene function redundancy rather than mutation may explain the present restricted anomalies in the mandible and pterygoid process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Fetal head anomaly restricted to the eye, the mandible, and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid: A histological study

Jin

Kim

et al. 2011

Clinical Anatomy

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“…Identification of fetal structures around the Meckel's and Reichert's cartilages was based on our recent studies (Rodríguez-Vá zquez et al 1992Katori et al 2011a,b;Osanai et al 2011) of the areas overlapping with those of the present study, i.e. identifications started from the trigeminal ganglion and the mandibular nerve root.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Fetal developmental change in topographical relationship between the human lateral pterygoid muscle and buccal nerve

et al. 2012

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In adults, the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) is usually divided into the upper and lower heads, between which the buccal nerve passes. Using sagittal or horizontal sections of 14 fetuses and seven embryos (five specimens at approximately 20-25 weeks; five at 14-16 weeks; four at 8 weeks; seven at 6-7 weeks), we examined the topographical relationship between the LPM and the buccal nerve. In large fetuses later than 15 weeks, the upper head of the LPM was clearly discriminated from the lower head. However, the upper head was much smaller than the lower head in the smaller fetuses. Thus, in the latter, the upper head was better described as an 'anterior slip' extending from the lower head or the major muscle mass to the anterior side of the buccal nerve. The postero-anterior nerve course seemed to be determined by a branch to the temporalis muscle (i.e. the anterior deep temporal nerve). At 8 weeks, the buccal nerve passed through the roof of the small, fan-like LPM. At 6-7 weeks, the LPM anlage was embedded between the temporobuccal nerve trunk and the inferior alveolar nerve. Therefore, parts of the LPM were likely to 'leak' out of slits between the origins of the mandibular nerve branches at 7-8 weeks, and seemed to grow in size during weeks 14-20 and extend anterosuperiorly along the infratemporal surface of the prominently developing greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Consequently, the topographical relationship between the LPM and the buccal nerve appeared to 'change' during fetal development due to delayed development of the upper head.

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“…These landmarks for identification had corresponded to the subjects (orbital muscle, pterygoid process) or key structures (lingual nerve, submandibular gland, superior cervical ganglion, digastric muscle) in our recent studies (Miyake et al, 2010;Katori et al, 2011a,b,c;Osanai et al, 2011).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Reconsideration of the Autonomic Cranial Ganglia: An Immunohistochemical Study of Mid‐Term Human Fetuses

Kiyokawa

Katori

Cho

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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The cranial parasympathetic ganglia have been reported to paradoxically contain the sympathetic nerve marker, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in addition to neurons expressing parasympathetic markers such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). However, the distribution of these molecules in the cranial ganglia of human fetuses has not yet been examined. Using paraffin sections from 10 mid-term human fetuses (12-15 weeks), we performed immunohistochemistry for TH, VIP, and nNOS in the parasympathetic ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic, and submandibular ganglia, and for comparison, the sensory inferior vagal ganglion. The ciliary and submandibular ganglia contained abundant TH-positive neurons. In the former, TH-positive neurons were much more numerous than nNOS-positive neurons, whereas in the latter, nNOS immunoreactivity was extremely strong. No or a few cells in the pterygopalatine, otic, and inferior vagal ganglia expressed TH. Ciliary TH neurons appeared to compensate for classically described sympathetic fibers arising from the superior cervical ganglion, whereas in the submandibular ganglion, nNOS-positive neurons as well as TH neurons might innervate the lingual artery in addition to the salivary glands. Significant individual variations in the density of all these markers suggested differences in sensitivity to medicine affecting autonomic nerve function. Consequently, in the human cranial autonomic ganglia, it appears that there is no simple dichotomy between sympathetic and parasympathetic function. Anat Rec, 295:141-149, 2012. V V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Human Orbital Muscle: A New Point of View from the Fetal Development of Extraocular Connective Tissues

Cited by 26 publications

References 21 publications

Fetal head anomaly restricted to the eye, the mandible, and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid: A histological study

Fetal head anomaly restricted to the eye, the mandible, and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid: A histological study

Fetal developmental change in topographical relationship between the human lateral pterygoid muscle and buccal nerve

Reconsideration of the Autonomic Cranial Ganglia: An Immunohistochemical Study of Mid‐Term Human Fetuses

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