Human papillomavirus and non‐small cell lung cancer

Abstract

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world, causing more than one million deaths worldwide each year. Human papillomavirus (HPV) are small non-enveloped DNA viruses that infect squamous epithelial cells. Relevant studies have reported lung cancer-related HPV infection rates that fluctuate between 10% and 80%, depending on the various research methods and geographical factors. Various scholars gathered statistics from global research reports and found that 22.4% of the patients with lung cancer presented with an HPV infection, which suggested that HPV infection may relate to the tumorigenesis of nonsmall cell lung cancer. This article will review the history and discovery of HPV, the correlation between HPV and lung cancer development, and carcinogenesis caused by HPV regulatory genes, such as p53, p21, p16INK4a, and genes related to hypermethylation and genome instability in lung cancer patients with HPV infection. In addition, because studies have highlighted the difference in clinical prognosis for HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients, articles demonstrating the correlation between HPV infection and prognosis for lung cancer patients will be reviewed.

Individual and combined effect ofTP53, MDM2, MDM4, MTHFR, CCR5,andCASP8gene polymorphisms in lung cancer

“…Over the past years, several studies analysing HPV infection and LC were carried out. HPV infection is established from 0% to 36% in patients of Western world with lung adenocarcinoma and from 9% to 78% in Asia population [ 38 ]. Recently, Sarchianaki et al survey data showed that HPV types identified in LC patients could be such as 16, 11, 33, 31, 18, 6, 59.…”

“…HPVs are small non-enveloped DNA viruses that usually infect squamous epithelial cells [ 38 ]. It is well known that HPV is a major risk factor for cervical, anal, vaginal, skin or laryngeal cancers.…”

“…For a long time, it was believed that papillomavirus could not migrate to the other parts of the body through the blood because HPV has not a viremic phase during active infection [ 2 ]. However, several studies have reported LC-related HPV infection rates that vary between 10% and 80%, depending on the different methods used or specific geographical regions investigated [ 38 ]. After analysis gathered from global research reports, it was found that 22.4% of the patients with LC could be presented with an HPV infection, suggesting that HPV infection could be one of the important risk factors to the tumorigenesis of NSCLC [ 38 , 41 ].…”

Diagnosis value of aberrantly expressed microRNA profiles in lung squamous cell carcinoma: a study based on the Cancer Genome Atlas

“…Lung squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common subtypes of lung cancer, remaining large cancer-related death in China ( Peng et al, 2015 ). It is reported that lung cancer may be caused by many factors, including environment (smoky coal, radon) ( Kim et al, 2014 ; Torres-Duran et al, 2015 ), life style (smoking, diets) ( Gnagnarella et al, 2013 ; Yang, 2011 ), human papillomavirus ( Hsu et al, 2013 ), chronic pulmonary infection (it can be caused by S. aureus ) ( Mulanovich, Mulanovich & Rolston, 2008 ; Parker & Prince, 2012 ), genetic factors (family history) ( Zhou et al, 2014 ) and so on, which may be the risk factors of LUSC. The development of individualized accurate diagnosis and therapy have been faced with huge challenges due to immense difference in multiple parameters such as molecular, pathology, surgery, and radiology among LUSC patients ( Pavel & Vasile, 2016 ).…”

Serum cyfra21-1 as a biomarker in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer

“…Hence, lung cancer was considered as a hard nut to crack for doctors world-wide. [5] Clinical studies indicated 80% of NSCLC patients have metastasis disease at the first diagnosis. And the only 20% patients have the opportunity for surgery that could prove an opportunity for cure.…”