Human papillomavirus detection rates in Bowen disease: correlation with pelvic and digital region involvement and specific p53 immunostaining patterns

Abstract

Background The relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and Bowen’s disease (BD) is not fully understood. Objectives To investigate the differences in HPV detection rates in BD samples across various body regions and analyze the expression patterns of p53, p16, and Ki-67 in relation to HPV presence. Methods Tissue samples from patients diagnosed with BD, confirmed through histopathology, were retrospectively collected. Next-generation sequencing was used for HPV DNA detection. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p16, p53, and Ki-67 was performed. Results Out of 109 patients with BD, 21 (19.3%) were HPV-positive. All identified types were α-HPVs, with HPV-16 being the most common. The HPV detection rate was significantly higher in the pelvic (69.2%, P<0.001) and digital (50.0%, P=0.022) areas compared to those in the other regions. HPV presence was significantly correlated with p53 negativity (P=0.002), the p53 “non-overexpression” IHC pattern (P<0.001), and p53-p16 immunostain pattern discordance (P<0.001). Conversely, there was no notable association between HPV presence and p16 positivity, the p16 IHC pattern, or Ki-67 expression. Conclusions Our findings suggest the oncogenic role of sexually transmitted and genito-digitally transmitted α-HPVs in pathogenesis of BD in the pelvic and digital regions.