Human Papillomavirus related issues in western Kazakhstan: protocol for a comprehensive study

Abstract

This article describes a Protocol for a study to determine a scope of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection and evaluate cervical cancer prevention measures in the western Kazakhstan. Introduction-ICO (Institut Catala d'Oncologia) working group in 2015 informed that cervical cancer in Kazakhstan ranked as the 1st most frequent cancer among 15-44 aged women. Aim-comprehensive analysis of the HPV infection across the female population to predict further trends in the cervical cancer morbidity and outline the circle of urgent preventive measures. The most important tasks are the following: to analyze a set of clinical, laboratory and socio-demographic data for identification the region-specific risk factors of the disease; to present a comparative analysis of diagnostic screening tools practiced in the region for the development corrective recommendations for existing screening strategy. Methods-This study constitutes a mix of three different types: interview+cross-sectional study for general female population and interview+case-control study for women with the first time diagnosed cervical cancer, where women of the general sample of the same age with detected HPV infection but not affected by the disease serve as a control for those with the disease. Anticipated Results-A high feasibility and pithiness of this study is expected. Obtaining a wide body of information relatively HPV scope and a quality of the screening process during a patient's single visit is the main strength of the research. Conclusion-Successful implementation of challenges announced in the research can lead to changing a general vector or/and constituent parts of the existing screening program.

Knowledge and awareness of human papillomavirus infection and human papillomavirus vaccine among Kazakhstani women attending gynecological clinics

“…All the study participants had Papanicolaou (Pap smear) testing done. The cervical swabs were used as a source of clinical samples for HPV genotyping, which was performed in the laboratory using the AmpliSens kit; this test is designed to identify 14 high-risk HPV types which are PLOS ONE 16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59, 66, 68. The swab samples were collected into 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes by gynecologists using cytobrush and were transported and stored in a frozen state (-20˚C) until needed for the DNA extraction procedure.…”

“…However, the absence of an HPV vaccination communication plan, the media’s negative coverage of these cases, combined with insufficient training of health care workers, had a negative impact on the public’s willingness to receive the vaccine. The vaccination coverage was suspended in 2015 even when, at the time, there are more than 6 million women still at risk of cervical cancer in the country [ 12 , 16 ].…”

Body Weight Is a Valid Predictor of the Long-Term Prognosis of Cervical Cancer

“…In our admitted cohort, we included the parameter of “self-living,” which, although did not show significant contribution to the long-term prognosis, was still near to statistical borderline ( p = 0.07) and might be a promising factor if we include more cases in the future. Other clinical conditions, such as histories of labor induction [ 11 ], treatment of preterm labor [ 12 ], fulminant hepatitis [ 13 – 16 ], role of RNA interference [ 17 ], and HPV [ 18 ], might also contribute to the prognosis of cervical cancer.…”

Posttreatment Recurrence and Death Patterns in Patients with Advanced Esophageal Cancer

“…Again, our findings among the dead patients drew a much closer picture of the death pattern based on more enrolled dead cases. It is also interesting to note that some clinical conditions, such as hepatitis, HPV, inflammation, or hypoxia, might affect the development or recurrence of EC [17][18][19][20].…”