Human Performance After a Barbiturate (Heptabarbitone)

Borland, RG; Nicholson, A. N.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1974.tb00238.x

Cited by 60 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In the previous study on the overnight ingestion of heptabarbitone, Borland & Nicholson (1974) showed that the residual effects of this drug on adaptive tracking were related to the dose ingested. Performance was impaired (P = 0.05) to 10 h after 200 mg, to 13 h (P = 0.05) after 300 mg and to 19 h (P = 0.01) after 400 mg heptabarbitone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of the residual effects of two benzodiazepines (nitrazepam and flurazepam hydrochloride) and pentobarbitone sodium on human performance.

Borland¹,

Nicholson²

1975

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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1 The residual effects of two benzodiazepines, nitrazepam (10 mg) and flurazepam hydrochloride (30 mg), and pentobarbitone sodium (200 mg) were studied by adaptive tracking and by reaction time. Performance was measured at 10 h, 13 h, 16 h, 19 h and 34 h after ingestion of each drug. Impaired performance on adaptive tracking was observed at 10 h, 13 h, 16 h and 19 h after nitrazepam and pentobarbitone sodium and at 10 h, 13 h and 16 h after flurazepam hydrochloride. Enhanced performance was observed at 34 h after nitrazepam and pentobarbitone sodium. 2 Increased reaction time persisted to 16 h after nitrazepam, flurazepam hydrochloride and pentobarbitone sodium and reaction time was also increased at 34 h after nitrazepam and pentobarbitone sodium. 3 During the morning immediately after ingestion, the subjects as a group were able to differentiate correctly between placebo and drugs, but they were not able to assess accurately the persistence of the residual effects of nitrazepam and pentobarbitone sodium. 4 Flurazepam hydrochloride would appear to be a more promising benzodiazepine than nitrazepam for use as a hypnotic by persons involved in skilled activity. There was a rapid recovery of performance during the afternoon and, unlike pentobarbitone sodium and nitrazepam, subjects retained the ability to recognize impaired skill.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous study (Borland & Nicholson, 1974) we used an adaptive tracking technique to measure change in performance after drugs. Adaptive tracking provides a continuous measure of performance and is acquired only by considerable practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the residual effects of two benzodiazepines (nitrazepam and flurazepam hydrochloride) and pentobarbitone sodium on human performance.

Borland¹,

Nicholson²

1975

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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“…The visuo-motor co-ordination task (Borland & Nicholson, 1974) required the subjects to position a spot inside a randomly moving circle displayed on an oscilloscope. The movement of the spot was controlled by a hand held stick.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immediate and residual effects in man of the metabolites of diazepam.

Clarke¹,

Nicholson²

1978

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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I Immediate and residual effects of diazepam and its metabolites on visuomotor co-ordination have been studied in man. Performance was observed from 10.0-16.0 h after overnight ingestion of diazepam (5 and 10 mg), temazepam (10, 20 and 30mg), oxazepam (15, 30 and 45 mg) and nordiazepam (5 and 10 mg), and from 0.5-6.5 h after morning ingestion of diazepam (10 mg 3 With morning ingestion visuo-motor co-ordination was impaired at 0.5 (P< 0.01) and 2.5 h (P< 0.05) after 0mg diazepam, at 0.5 (P< 0.001) after 20mg temazepam, and at 2.5 (P< 0.01) and 4.5 h (P< 0.05) after 30mg oxazepam. Performance 6.5 h after 1Omg nordiazepam was impaired compared with performance 0.5 and 2.5 h (P< 0.01) after ingestion. Performance on the choice response time test was impaired 1.0 h after ingestion of 0mg diazepam (P< 0.01) and 20 mg temazepam (P < 0.05). 4 It is considered that diazepam (5-10 mg), temazepam (10-20 mg) and oxazepam (15-30 mg) would be useful hypnotics within the dose ranges indicated, at least for occasional use, when impaired performance the next day would be unacceptable. The studies with nordiazepam suggest that, though this drug may have limited effects on performance, it may have persistent effects on behaviour consistent with its clinical use as an anxiolytic.

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“…Little work has been carried out on the effectiveness of hypnotics at unusual times, but several studies have been concerned with residual effects on performance. Many hypnotics, including the benzodiazepines, lead to impaired performance after overnight ingestion (Malpas, Rowan, Joyce & Scott, 1970;Bond & Lader, 1972Borland & Nicholson, 1974, 1975aBorland, Nicholson & Wright, 1975), but it would appear that the persistence of impaired performance after diazepam is more limited than that after nitrazepam and flurazepam hydrochloride (Borland & Nicholson, 1975a & b). 35 Diazepam may be a particularly useful hypnotic, even though it has received little attention from sleep researchers except for the brief report of Kales & Scharf (1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%