Human Pharmaceuticals, Antioxidants, and Plasticizers in Wastewater Treatment Plant and Water Reclamation Plant Effluents

Soliman, Mary A.; Pedersen, Joel A.; Park, Hee Su; Castaneda-Jimenez, Angelica; Stenstrom, Michael K.; Suffet, I. H.

doi:10.2175/106143006x111961

Cited by 67 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…BHA was previously reported in surface water, groundwater, and reclaimed water in southern California with concentrations at ng/L levels. 22 In the present study, BHA was detected in the samples with concentrations ranging from <MQL to 17.4 ng/g (GM: 3.58 ng/g, median: 2.44 ng/g). A weak estrogenic effect of BHA was reported in vitro study.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

Occurrence of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Major Metabolites in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Liu

Song

Lin

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

101

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Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are one group of widely used additive chemicals, which have not yet had focused attention except for a few compounds such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). In this study, the occurrence and composition profiles of 12 frequently used SPAs and three BHT metabolites were investigated in fifty-six sludge samples collected from individual wastewater treatment plants in China. Eleven SPAs were positively found in the sludge samples, in which, to our knowledge, eight SPA compounds were identified for the first time in the environment. BHT, 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tOP), and 2,4,6-tri-tert-bultylphenol (AO 246) were the most dominant SPAs in the sludge at mean concentrations of 4.14 μg/g, 374 ng/g, and 98.1 ng/g d.w. (dry weight). Meanwhile, three BHT metabolites, including 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q), and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone (BHT-quinol), were also found in most of the samples (>98.2%) with mean concentrations of 141, 562, and 225 ng/g d.w., respectively. The activated sludge system (anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic tanks) of a wastewater treatment plant was further investigated for the removal efficiencies of the SPAs. High removal efficiencies (80.1−89.2%) were found for the six detected SPAs in the aqueous phase, while generation of large proportions of the three BHT metabolites was also observed.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

Occurrence of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Major Metabolites in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Liu

Song

Lin

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

101

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“…Despite being extensively metabolized, carisoprodol has been reported in several recent monitoring studies. It was even reported at a concentration of 129 ng/L in recycled water [127]. It was the only API identified in recycled water (at up to 217 ng/L) and also reported in secondary effluent [128] (http://www.valleywater.org/website/media/pdf/Streamflow% 20AugmentationDraft%20IS%20MND.pdf).…”

Section: Disposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental footprint of pharmaceuticals: The significance of factors beyond direct excretion to sewers

Daughton¹,

Ruhoy²

2009

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

200

113

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Abstract-The combined excretion of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) via urine and feces is considered the primary route by which APIs from human pharmaceuticals enter the environment. Disposal of unwanted, leftover medications by flushing into sewers has been considered a secondary route-one that does not contribute substantially to overall environmental loadings. The present study presents the first comprehensive examination of secondary routes of API release to the environment and for direct but unintentional human exposure. These include bathing, washing, and laundering, all of which release APIs remaining on the skin from the use of high-content dermal applications or from excretion to the skin via sweating, and disposal of unused and partially used highcontent devices. Also discussed are the health hazards associated with: partially used devices, medication disposal practices of consumers, and interpersonal dermal transfer of API residues. Understanding these secondary routes is important from the perspective of pollution prevention, because actions can be designed more easily for reducing the environmental impact of APIs compared with the route of direct excretion (via urine and feces), for reducing the incidence of unintentional and purposeful poisonings of humans and pets, and for improving the quality and cost-effectiveness of health care. Overall, unintentional exposure to APIs for humans via these routes is possibly more important than exposure to trace residues recycled from the environment in drinking water or foods.

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“…High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Huang et al 2008;Li et al 2009;Bahruddin et al 2007) and gas chromatography (GC) methods (Gonzalez et al 1999;Yang et al 2002) are common in determination of BHT, BHA, and BPA. Several approaches have been reported for the extraction of SPAs from different matrices which liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (Soliman et al 2007) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) (Trenholm et al 2008;Remberger et al 2003) are the most commonly used techniques. LLE and SPE need large amounts of sample and/or organic solvents and they are time-consuming and expensive, and the materials used are not reusable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Some Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Bisphenol A in Honey Using Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection

et al. 2015

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In the present study, an extraction, preconcentration, and determination method has been reported for some synthetic phenolic antioxidants and bisphenol A in honey samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. The main factors influencing the extraction efficiency including extractive solvent type and volume as well as the volume of dispersive solvent, salt addition, and pH are evaluated in this study. Under the optimum extraction conditions, limits of detection and quantification for all target analytes were obtained in the ranges of 0.4-4.7 and 1.3-14 ng g −1 , respectively. Enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were in the ranges of 144-186 and 72-93 %, respectively. The method precision was evaluated at 100 ng g −1 of each analyte, and the relative standard deviations were found to be less than 7.6 % for intra-day (n=6) and less than 8.3 % for inter-days (n=4). The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of different honey samples and two analytes, butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole, were determined at nanogram per gram level in one honey sample.

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Human Pharmaceuticals, Antioxidants, and Plasticizers in Wastewater Treatment Plant and Water Reclamation Plant Effluents

Cited by 67 publications

References 39 publications

Occurrence of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Major Metabolites in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Occurrence of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Major Metabolites in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Environmental footprint of pharmaceuticals: The significance of factors beyond direct excretion to sewers

Determination of Some Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Bisphenol A in Honey Using Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection

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