Human picornaviruses associated with neurological diseases and their neutralization by antibodies

Anastasina, Maria; Domanska, Aušra; Palm, Kaia; Butcher, Sarah J.

doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000780

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 180 publications

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“…EV-A71 is an etiological agent of the hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and has occasionally been associated with upper respiratory tract infections. EV-D68 causes different types of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including severe respiratory syndromes [171]. Both serotypes have been associated with neurological disorders like acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), myelitis (AFM), meningitis and encephalitis [166,[172][173][174][175].…”

Section: Respiratory Viruses With Neuroinvasive and Neurotropic Propementioning

confidence: 99%

Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System?

Desforges

Coupanec

Dubeau

et al. 2019

Viruses

938

997

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Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe disease (e.g., pneumonia). Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. Furthermore, as they can adapt fast and cross the species barrier, some of these pathogens, like influenza A and SARS-CoV, have occasionally caused epidemics or pandemics, and were associated with more serious clinical diseases and even mortality. For a few decades now, data reported in the scientific literature has also demonstrated that several respiratory viruses have neuroinvasive capacities, since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system (CNS). Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Like other well-recognized neuroinvasive human viruses, respiratory viruses may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune responses that could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus-induced neuro-immunopathology) and/or viral replication, which directly causes damage to CNS cells (virus-induced neuropathology). The etiological agent of several neurological disorders remains unidentified. Opportunistic human respiratory pathogens could be associated with the triggering or the exacerbation of these disorders whose etiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we present a global portrait of some of the most prevalent or emerging human respiratory viruses that have been associated with possible pathogenic processes in CNS infection, with a special emphasis on human coronaviruses.

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Section: Respiratory Viruses With Neuroinvasive and Neurotropic Propementioning

confidence: 99%

Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System?

Desforges

Coupanec

Dubeau

et al. 2019

Viruses

938

997

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Interestingly, it did not demonstrate highly potent protection against the viral challenge ( Figure 4 (D)). Several studies have reported that specific antibody response is significantly effective in repelling small RNA viral infections [ 27 ]. We thus speculated the CV-A16-specific antibodies, induced by this vaccine candidate, may not be able to adequately perform their primary function in vivo .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune responses of a CV-A16 live attenuated candidate strain and its protective effects in rhesus monkeys

Yang

Xie

et al. 2020

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) is a major causative pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMDs). The licensed HFMD vaccine targets EV-A71 without cross-protection against CV-A16. Thus, a CV-A16 vaccine is needed. In this study, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a live attenuated CV-A16 candidate, K168-8Ac, were evaluated in a rhesus monkey model. Four passages of this strain (P35, P50, P60, and P70) were administered to monkeys, and its protective effect was identified. The immunized monkeys were clinically asymptomatic, except for slight fever. Weak viraemia was observed, and two doses of vaccination were found to significantly reduce virus shedding. High levels of antibody responses were observed (1:1024–1:2048), along with a significant increase in plasma IL-8. The I.M. group showed a much stronger humoural immunity. Pathological damage was detected mainly in lung tissues, although thalamus, spinal cord, lymph nodes, and livers were involved. After the viral challenge, it was found that two doses of vaccine reduced virus shedding, and the degree of lung damage and the number of organs involved decreased as the passage number increased. Overall, a robust immune response and partial protection against CV-A16, triggered by the K168-8Ac strain, were demonstrated. This study provides valuable data for CV-A16 vaccine development.

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“…Enteroviruses (EVs) are a group of single, positive-stranded RNA viruses of the Picornaviridae family that include poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus and enterovirus, with the latter (specifically EV-A71 and EV-D68) emerging as the causative agents of the recent large epidemics across the Asia-Pacific and North American region, respectively (Huang and Shih, 2015 ; Anastasina et al, 2017 ). Although EVs commonly cause asymptomatic infection, sometimes they are associated with severe diseases, including neurological complications.…”

Section: Enteroviruses and Neurological Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteroviral Infection: The Forgotten Link to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?

Xue

Feuer

Cashman

et al. 2018

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that primarily attacks motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to progressive paralysis and ultimately death. Currently there is no effective therapy. The majority of ALS cases are sporadic, with no known family history; unfortunately the etiology remains largely unknown. Contribution of Enteroviruses (EVs), a family of positive-stranded RNA viruses including poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, enterovirus-A71 and enterovirus-D68, to the development of ALS has been suspected as they can target motor neurons, and patients with prior poliomyelitis show a higher risk of motor neuron disease. Multiple efforts have been made to detect enteroviral genome in ALS patient tissues over the past two decades; however the clinical data are controversial and a causal relationship has not yet been established. Recent evidence from in vitro and animal studies suggests that enterovirus-induced pathology remarkably resembles the cellular and molecular phenotype of ALS, indicating a possible link between enteroviral infection and ALS pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the nature of enteroviral infection, including route of infection, cells targeted, and viral persistence within the central nervous system (CNS). We review the molecular mechanisms underlying viral infection and highlight the similarity between viral pathogenesis and the molecular and pathological features of ALS, and finally, discuss the potential role of enteroviral infection in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a disease that shares common clinical, genetic, and pathological features with ALS, and the significance of anti-viral therapy as an option for the treatment of ALS.

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Human picornaviruses associated with neurological diseases and their neutralization by antibodies

Cited by 25 publications

References 180 publications

Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System?

Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System?

Immune responses of a CV-A16 live attenuated candidate strain and its protective effects in rhesus monkeys

Enteroviral Infection: The Forgotten Link to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?

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