Human Poisoning from Marine Toxins: Unknowns for Optimal Consumer Protection

Vilariño, Natalia; Louzao, M. Carmen; Abal, Paula; Cagide, Eva; Carrera, Cristina; Vieytes, Mercedes R.; Botana, Luís M.

doi:10.3390/toxins10080324

Cited by 123 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 234 publications

(384 reference statements)

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“…OA, DTX-1 and DTX-2 are lipophilic toxins produced by dinoflagellates with different levels of toxicity; also, they are the main compounds associated with episodes of DSP [16]. The cell viability results obtained using the MTT assay showed that DTX-2 is less toxic than OA and DTX-1 when the values of IC50 were compared; this is in line with what has been reported previously, where OA and DTX-1 are considered to be equally toxic, while DTX-2 is almost 40% less toxic [17]. However, other studies have reported that DTX-1 is more toxic than OA and DTX-2 [9].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Toxins from DSP are potent inhibitors of PP2A and to a lesser extent of PP1, which are the most abundant protein phosphatases in cells [12]. Protein phosphatases modulate a large number of cell signaling pathways such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis [17]. Due to the above, in this study, PP2A activity was evaluated in the three cell lines after treatment with marine toxins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxins of Okadaic Acid-Group Increase Malignant Properties in Cells of Colon Cancer

Jiménez-Carcamo

Garcı́a

Contreras

2020

Toxins

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Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a syndrome caused by the intake of shellfish contaminated with a group of lipophilic and thermostable toxins, which consists of okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2). These toxins are potent protein Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitors, mainly type 1 protein phosphatase (PP1) and type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A). Different effects have been reported at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels. In this study, changes in cell survival and cell mobility induced by OA, DTX-1 and DTX-2 were determined in epithelial cell lines of the colon and colon cancer. The cell viability results showed that tumoral cell lines were more resistant to toxins than the nontumoral cell line. The results of the functional assays for testing cell migration, evaluation of cell death and the expression of proteins associated with cell adhesion showed a dual effect of toxins since in the nontumoral cell line, a greater induction of cell death, presumably by anoikis, was detected. In the tumoral cell lines, there was an induction of a more aggressive phenotype characterized by increased resistance to toxins, increased migration and increased FAK activation. In tumoral cell lines of colon cancer, OA, DTX-1/DTX-2 induce a more aggressive phenotype.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxins of Okadaic Acid-Group Increase Malignant Properties in Cells of Colon Cancer

Jiménez-Carcamo

Garcı́a

Contreras

2020

Toxins

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“…Perhaps most importantly, many of these approaches have dramatically reduced the amount of starting material required for analysis. Many previously uncharacterised toxin-containing samples (e.g., venoms of small invertebrate species, aquatic toxins produced by marine and freshwater algae or bacteria) are now amenable for compositional and functional characterisation [31][32][33]. Consequently, several companies now provide libraries of diverse toxins for pharmaceutical screening purposes, and thus toxins remain interesting targets for therapeutic and diagnostic translation [8].…”

Section: Glossarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Friends or Foes? Emerging Impacts of Biological Toxins

Clark

Casewell

Elliott

et al. 2019

Trends in Biochemical Sciences

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Toxins are substances produced from biological sources (e.g., animal, plants, microorganisms) that have deleterious effects on a living organism. Despite the obvious health concerns of being exposed to toxins, they are having substantial positive impacts in a number of industrial sectors. Several toxin-derived products are approved for clinical, veterinary, or agrochemical uses. This review sets out the case for toxins as 'friends' that are providing the basis of novel medicines, insecticides, and even nucleic acid sequencing technologies. We also discuss emerging toxins ('foes') that are becoming increasingly prevalent in a range of contexts through climate change and the globalisation of food supply chains and that ultimately pose a risk to health. Toxins and Toxinology In the natural world, toxins are employed for diverse purposes, from the prey-incapacitating molecules found in snake, spider, and cone snail venom, to the defensive compounds harboured by numerous poisonous plant and animal species. While the consequences of human intoxication can be severe (Box 1), the functional diversity of biological toxins has led to their frequent use as experimental tools for studying physiological and pharmacological mechanisms (e.g., synaptic transmission, ion channel subtypes) (Figure 1). Toxinology involves the identification, characterisation, production, and engineering of biological toxins along with their application or repurposing as research tools and clinical products. As such, toxinology encompasses the study of the evolution, chemistry, biology, and clinical effects of toxins and includes potential biotechnological and/or therapeutic applications. Experimental applications of toxins as tools for physiologists go back a long time, including Claude Bernard's experiments in the 1800s with curare to demonstrate the existence of chemical signalling between nerves and muscles [2], and Henry Dale's use of muscarine and nicotine to show different subtypes of receptors for acetylcholine [3]. Snake toxins were critical for the first isolation of a receptor for a neurotransmitter [a-bungarotoxin and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)] [4]. Recently, peptide toxins have been very useful in teasing out the functional importance of different subtypes of ion channels that are critical for neuronal function and cellular signalling [5-7]. An increasing number of toxins are now transitioning from the laboratory to the clinic and the balance of research in this aspect of toxinology is shifting from the classical development of anti-toxins and anti-venoms towards drug discovery [8,9]. The attraction of toxins for drug discovery lies in their often unique selectivity of their biological effects coupled with high potency. Toxic plant alkaloids were the first source of toxin-derived therapeutics, notably

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“…Among the cyanotoxins, paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and microcystins (MCs) are two toxin groups encompassing the highest number of toxic structural variants. PSP toxins are chemically related neurotoxins comprising up to 58 congeners with saxitoxin (STX) being the most toxic one [1]. Most of the PSP poisoning events have been reported from the consumption of marine-derived seafood which can even contain lethal concentrations of PSP toxins [2], whereas intoxications caused by MCs are a result of contaminated drinking water [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Electrochemical Fiveplex Biochip Assay Based on Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies for Fast On-Site Detection of Bioterrorism Relevant Low Molecular Weight Toxins

Schulz

Pöhlmann

Dietrich

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Modern threats of bioterrorism force the need for multiple detection of biothreat agents to determine the presence or absence of such agents in suspicious samples. Here, we present a rapid electrochemical fiveplex biochip screening assay for detection of the bioterrorism relevant low molecular weight toxins saxitoxin, microcystin-LR, T-2 toxin, roridin A and aflatoxin B1 relying on anti-idiotypic antibodies as epitope-mimicking reagents. The proposed method avoids the use of potentially harmful toxin-protein conjugates usually mandatory for competitive immunoassays. The biochip is processed and analyzed on the automated and portable detection platform pBDi within 13.4 min. The fiveplex biochip assay revealed toxin group specificity to multiple congeners. Limits of detection were 1.2 ng/mL, 1.5 ng/mL, 0.4 ng/mL, 0.5 ng/mL and 0.6 ng/mL for saxitoxin, microcystin-LR, T-2 toxin, roridin A or aflatoxin B1, respectively. The robustness of the fiveplex biochip for real samples was demonstrated by detecting saxitoxin, microcystin-LR, HT-2 toxin, roridin A and aflatoxin B1 in contaminated human blood serum without elaborate sample preparation. Recovery rates were between 52–115% covering a wide concentration range. Thus, the developed robust fiveplex biochip assay can be used on-site to quickly detect one or multiple low molecular weight toxins in a single run.

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Human Poisoning from Marine Toxins: Unknowns for Optimal Consumer Protection

Cited by 123 publications

References 234 publications

Toxins of Okadaic Acid-Group Increase Malignant Properties in Cells of Colon Cancer

Toxins of Okadaic Acid-Group Increase Malignant Properties in Cells of Colon Cancer

Friends or Foes? Emerging Impacts of Biological Toxins

An Electrochemical Fiveplex Biochip Assay Based on Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies for Fast On-Site Detection of Bioterrorism Relevant Low Molecular Weight Toxins

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