Human polyomaviruses and cancer: an overview

Abstract

The name of the family Polyomaviridae, derives from the early observation that cells infected with murine polyomavirus induced multiple (poly) tumors (omas) in immunocompromised mice. Subsequent studies showed that many members of this family exhibit the capacity of mediating cell transformation and tumorigenesis in different experimental models. The transformation process mediated by these viruses is driven by viral pleiotropic regulatory proteins called T (tumor) antigens. Similar to other viral oncoproteins T antigens target cellular regulatory factors to favor cell proliferation, immune evasion and downregulation of apoptosis. The first two human polyomaviruses were isolated over 45 years ago. However, recent advances in the DNA sequencing technologies led to the rapid identification of additional twelve new polyomaviruses in different human samples. Many of these viruses establish chronic infections and have been associated with conditions in immunosuppressed individuals, particularly in organ transplant recipients. This has been associated to viral reactivation due to the immunosuppressant therapy applied to these patients. Four polyomaviruses namely, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV), John Cunningham Polyomavirus (JCPyV) and BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) have been associated with the development of specific malignant tumors. However, present evidence only supports the role of MCPyV as a carcinogen to humans. In the present review we present a summarized discussion on the current knowledge concerning the role of MCPyV, TSPyV, JCPyV and BKPyV in human cancers.

Enteric Virome and Carcinogenesis in the Gut

“…Human polyomaviruses, a class of icosahedral, nonenveloped double-stranded DNA viruses, have also been attributed to cancer [31]. Out of the few human polyomaviruses suspected of having oncogenic properties (including Merkel cell polyomavirus, Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus, John Cunningham Polyomavirus, Simian Virus 40, and BK polyomavirus), only John Cunningham Polyomavirus (JCV) and BK polyomavirus have been associated with colorectal cancer [32][33][34][35]. Polyomaviruses encode the T-antigen, a non-structural oncogenic protein that is capable of inactivating tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRB, among other mechanisms of signaling pathway interference [36].…”

Sialoglycovirology of Lectins: Sialyl Glycan Binding of Enveloped and Non-enveloped Viruses

“…Also, BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) can be reactivated to cause nephropathy in renal transplant recipients [163]. In addition, polyomaviruses (poly-¼ many, Àoma ¼ tumors) can transform cells in cultures and in immunocompromised laboratory animals including newborn mice [164]. Surprisingly, simian virus 40 (SV40), which is a monkey virus that was accidentally introduced into humans with contaminated polio vaccine and is able to be transmitted among humans, has recently been detected in a variety of human cancers [165].…”

Boric Acid (H3(BO3): Recognize The Molecular Interactions in Solutions

“…Momen Dipol (11) Nama IUPAC (28) Trihidrooksidoboron Asam Borat (15) Nama Lain (10) Sumber (26) Struktur (12) Nama (9) Kegunaan (14) Sifat (1) Asam Boraks (4) Sasolit Asam Ortoborat (27) Borofaks…”