Human Rabies: A Reemerging Disease in Costa Rica?

Badilla, Xiomara; Pérez-Herra, Victor; Quiros, L. Ayala-Bernaldo de; Morice, Ana; Cardoso, Enedina Jiménez; Sáenz, Elizabeth; Salazar, Fernando; Fernandez, Rodrigo Nobre; Orciari, Lillian A.; Yager, Pamela A.; Whitfield, Sylvia G.; Rupprecht, Charles E.

doi:10.3201/eid0906.020632

Cited by 37 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Both the molecular and phylogenetic characterizations of this RV suggest that this is a new lineage. Although the primary reservoir or most likely origin of this RV was determined to be an insectivorous bat (unknown species), the history of carnivore exposure suggests that a secondary transmitter (vector) could have been involved in the transmission chain, as has been reported in other cases (13). One cannot, however, rule out the possibility that the unknown reservoir species of this new RV lineage is, in fact, a different bat species (which could have been involved in the primary transmission after an unnoticed or cryptic exposure) or a terrestrial carnivore (e.g., the biting fox).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of New Rabies Virus Variant in Mexican Immigrant

Velasco-Villa¹,

Messenger²,

Orciari³

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of New Rabies Virus Variant in Mexican Immigrant

Velasco-Villa¹,

Messenger²,

Orciari³

et al. 2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…The origin of the contamination was not formally established, although an unrecognized vampire-bat bite seems by far the most likely route of transmission. However, as some cases reported in other countries [19], the source of contamination could also have been feline, because a cat reportedly died in March 2008, 2 months after having been severely bitten and wounded by a bat. After the public was informed of this case, the number of patients consulting the CTAR increased dramatically [17], a phenomenon that had previously been observed in continental France [20].…”

Section: Exposed Individualsmentioning

confidence: 98%

First Human Rabies Case in French Guiana, 2008: Epidemiological Investigation and Control

et al. 2012

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BackgroundUntil 2008, human rabies had never been reported in French Guiana. On 28 May 2008, the French National Reference Center for Rabies (Institut Pasteur, Paris) confirmed the rabies diagnosis, based on hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction on skin biopsy and saliva specimens from a Guianan, who had never travelled overseas and died in Cayenne after presenting clinically typical meningoencephalitis.Methodology/Principal FindingsMolecular typing of the virus identified a Lyssavirus (Rabies virus species), closely related to those circulating in hematophagous bats (mainly Desmodus rotundus) in Latin America. A multidisciplinary Crisis Unit was activated. Its objectives were to implement an epidemiological investigation and a veterinary survey, to provide control measures and establish a communications program. The origin of the contamination was not formally established, but was probably linked to a bat bite based on the virus type isolated. After confirming exposure of 90 persons, they were vaccinated against rabies: 42 from the case's entourage and 48 healthcare workers. To handle that emergence and the local population's increased demand to be vaccinated, a specific communications program was established using several media: television, newspaper, radio.Conclusion/SignificanceThis episode, occurring in the context of a Department far from continental France, strongly affected the local population, healthcare workers and authorities, and the management team faced intense pressure. This observation confirms that the risk of contracting rabies in French Guiana is real, with consequences for population educational program, control measures, medical diagnosis and post-exposure prophylaxis.

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“…Después de exámenes de laboratorio e investigación epidemiológica exhaustiva, se concluyó que la mujer de 53 años de edad, adquirió el virus por la mordedura de la gata. La tipificación antigénica reveló que se trataba de la variante 3 (AgV3), propia de murciélago hematófago D. rotundus (30) .…”

Section: El Rol De Los Murciélagos Como Vectores Y Reservorios De Rabunclassified

Murciélagos hematófagos como reservorios de la rabia

Scheffer¹,

Iamamoto²,

Asano³

et al. 2014

Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica

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RESUMENLa rabia continua siendo un desafío para las autoridades de salud pública y una limitante para la industria ganadera en América Latina. Caninos silvestres y domésticos, así como murciélagos hematófagos son las principales especies transmisoras y reservorios de la enfermedad. Actualmente, se observa variaciones en el perfil epidemiológico de la rabia, donde la especie de murciélago hematófago Desmodus rotundus se constituye en la principal especie transmisora. A lo largo del tiempo se ha acumulado conocimiento sobre la ecología, biología y comportamiento de esta especie y sobre la historia natural de la rabia, lo cual debe conducir a una continua evolución de los métodos de control poblacional de D. rotundus, prevención y técnicas de diagnóstico. Aún se desconoce la relación ecológica de esta especie con otras hematófagas y no hematófagas, y queda mucho por mejorar en los sistemas de notificación y vigilancia epidemiológica, así como crear una mayor conciencia entre los ganaderos ante el tema. La comprensión del impacto que las modificaciones ambientales inducidas por el hombre ejercen sobre la dinámica de infección del virus de la rabia en los murciélagos debe ser motivo de investigaciones posteriores. Esto requerirá la combinación de estudios de campo con modelos matemáticos y nuevas herramientas diagnósticas. La presente revisión pretende presentar los aspectos más relevantes sobre el rol de los murciélagos hematófagos como reservorios y transmisores del virus de la rabia. Palabras clave: Murciélagos; Reservorios; Rabia (fuente: DeCS BIREME). HEMATOPHAGOUS BATS AS RESERVOIRS OF RABIES ABSTRACTRabies continues to be a challenge for public health authorities and a constraint to the livestock industry in Latin America. Wild and domestic canines and vampire bats are the main transmitter species and reservoirs of the disease. Currently, variations observed in the epidemiological profile of rabies, where the species of hematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus constitutes the main transmitting species. Over the years, knowledge has accumulated about the ecology, biology and behavior of this species and the natural history of rabies, which should lead to continuous development of methods of population control of d. Rotundus as well as prevention and diagnostic tools for rabies. Ecological relationships of this species with other hematophagous and non-hematophagous bats is unknown, and there is much room for improvement in reporting systems and surveillance, as well as creating greater awareness among the farming community. Understanding the impact of human-induced environmental changes on the rabies virus in bats should be cause for further investigation. This will require a combination of field studies with mathematical models and new diagnostic tools. This review aims to present the most relevant issues on the role of hematophagous bats as reservoirs and transmitters of the rabies virus.

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Human Rabies: A Reemerging Disease in Costa Rica?

Cited by 37 publications

References 12 publications

Identification of New Rabies Virus Variant in Mexican Immigrant

Identification of New Rabies Virus Variant in Mexican Immigrant

First Human Rabies Case in French Guiana, 2008: Epidemiological Investigation and Control

Murciélagos hematófagos como reservorios de la rabia

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