“…Expenditure on training and development in the US Civil Service has been described as "absurdly low" (Lane & Wolf 1990, p.81), mainly, it seems, because training is viewed as a cost rather than an investment (Newell 1987). What limited opportunities have been provided for training and development have tended to focus on financial aspects rather than people management, and few SES members have a positive view of the SES development programs as they exist (Renfrow 1989, p.94).…”