Human Rhinovirus Species and Season of Infection Determine Illness Severity

Lee, Wai Ming; Lemanske, Robert F.; Evans, Michael D.; Vang, Fue; Pappas, T.E.; Gangnon, Ronald E.; Jackson, Daniel J.; Gern, James E.

doi:10.1164/rccm.201202-0330oc

Cited by 287 publications

(321 citation statements)

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“…Despite the low number of HRV strains studied, these results are in line with those published in studies from other areas (Europe, North America, and east Asia), and all show similar HRV distributions. [30][31][32][33][34][35] Overall, different genotypes of RV appear to circulate simultaneously within a given period and geographic area with predominance of types A and C. 22,36,37 Among HEVs characterized herein, CBV (B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5) were predominant (45/53). The temporal distribution of these strains suggests a predominant circulating strain of CBV that can change from one year to another.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Enteroviruses and Rhinoviruses: Molecular Epidemiology of the Most Influenza-Like Illness Associated Viruses in Senegal

Fall

Dia

Kébé

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Different viruses have been identified as etiologic agents of respiratory tract infections, including severe cases. Among these, human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and human enteroviruses (HEVs) are recognized as leading causes. The present study describes the molecular epidemiology of HRVs and HEVs in Senegal over a 3-year surveillance period. From January 2012 to December 2014, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs specimen were collected from patients with influenza-like illness (ILI). A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed for HRV and HEV detection using the RV16 kit. Two regions were targeted for the molecular characterization of RVs: 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) and viral protein 4/viral protein 2 (VP4/VP2) transition region. For enteroviruses (EVs) phylogeny, VP1 gene was targeted. A total of 4,194 samples were collected. Children up to 5 years accounted for 52.9%. Among them, 1,415 (33.7%) were positive for HRV, 857 (20.4%) for HEV, and 437 cases of dual infections HRV/HEV. HRVs and HEVs were identified significantly in children aged 5 years or less. Only cough and vomiting signs were observed with significant association with viral infection. Both viruses co-circulated all year long with a marked increase of activity during rainy and cold period. All HRV types circulate in Senegal. HRV-A and C groups were the most common. HEV serotyping identified coxsackie B viruses (CBV) only. VP1 region revealed different CBV (CBV1, CBV2, CBV3, CBV4, and CBV5), echoviruses, coxsackieviruses A4-like strains and a poliovirus 2. The results suggest strong year-round respiratory picornavirus activity in children up to 5 years of age. Molecular studies identified a wide variety of RVs along with diverse EVs in samples from patients with ILI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Enteroviruses and Rhinoviruses: Molecular Epidemiology of the Most Influenza-Like Illness Associated Viruses in Senegal

Fall

Dia

Kébé

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Higher incidence for HRV infection has been described from September to November and from April to May, but in some years (and in some geographical areas) spring was reported to be the more important time for HRV transmission [78]. Several reports suggest that there is a seasonal variability in severity with peaks during cold seasons, probably related to the seasonal distribution of specific strains [75][76][77][78][79]. LEE et al [79] showed that HRVs in infants were more likely to cause moderate to severe illness in the winter months compared with summer, with a peak seasonal prevalence in spring and autumn.…”

Section: Hrv and Respiratory Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several reports suggest that there is a seasonal variability in severity with peaks during cold seasons, probably related to the seasonal distribution of specific strains [75][76][77][78][79]. LEE et al [79] showed that HRVs in infants were more likely to cause moderate to severe illness in the winter months compared with summer, with a peak seasonal prevalence in spring and autumn. In that study, HRV-A and HRV-C were more likely to cause moderate to severe illness compared with HRV-B.…”

Section: Hrv and Respiratory Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, HRVs are detected not only in children and adults with serious LRTI [21,81,82], but are also frequently found in asymptomatic children and adults [83,84]. As an example, using PCR LEE et al [79] found HRV alone or with other respiratory virus in the nasal lavages of 58.3%, 66.4% and 41.5% of infants with moderate to severe illnesses, mild illness and no symptoms, respectively.…”

Section: Hrv and Respiratory Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-16, IL-11 and GM-CSF, secreted by airway epithelial cells after exposure to HRV, can also modulate the survival, proliferation or activation of various populations of inflammatory and effector cells [92]. Other growth factors can contribute to airway remodelling by stimulating angiogenesis or regulating fibroblast proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts with release of extracellular matrix proteins [79,95]. In addition, the responses of epithelial cells to HRV infections can be modified by the presence of other factors, including cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma [92], e.g.…”

Section: Hrv Infection and Host Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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Infantile respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus infections: respective role in inception and persistence of wheezing

2014

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There is evidence that respiratory viruses play a key role in the development and exacerbation of obstructive respiratory diseases in children. This review attempts to juxtapose the separate profiles and prototypes of pathogenenetic mechanisms represented by the two most common amongst such viruses: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV).RSV represents the most common agent of severe airway disease in infants and young children, and is predominant in winter months. Large epidemiological studies have revealed an unequivocal relationship between RSV infection and subsequent wheezing into childhood, thought to be related to long-term changes in neuroimmune control of the airways rather than allergic sensitisation.HRV is a highly diverse group of viruses that affect subjects of all ages, is ubiquitous and occurs yearround. In contrast to RSV, infections with HRV cause minimal cytotoxicity but induce a rapid production of cytokines and chemokines with amplification of the inflammatory response. The susceptibility to HRVinduced bronchiolitis and subsequent wheezing appears to be linked to individual predisposition since it is often associated with a family or personal history of asthma/atopy.Thus, RSV probably serves as an "inducer" rather than a "trigger". Conversely, HRVs seem to serve as a "trigger" rather than an "inducer" in predisposed individuals. @ERSpublications Comprehensive overview of the different roles of RSV and HRV in the pathogenesis of recurrent wheezing in childhood

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Association of Rhinovirus C Bronchiolitis and Immunoglobulin E Sensitization During Infancy With Development of Recurrent Wheeze

et al. 2019

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IMPORTANCE Rhinovirus infection in early life, particularly with allergic sensitization, is associated with higher risks of developing recurrent wheeze and asthma. While emerging evidence links different rhinovirus species (eg, rhinovirus C) to a higher severity of infection and asthma exacerbation, to our knowledge, little is known about longitudinal associations of rhinovirus C infection during infancy with subsequent morbidities.OBJECTIVE To examine the association of different viruses (respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], rhinovirus species) in bronchiolitis with risks of developing recurrent wheeze. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis multicenter prospective cohort study of infants younger than 1 year who were hospitalized for bronchiolitis was conducted at 17 hospitals across 14 US states during 3 consecutive fall to winter seasons (2011)(2012)(2013)(2014).EXPOSURES Major causative viruses of bronchiolitis, including RSV (reference group) and 3 rhinovirus species (rhinovirus A, B, and C). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Development of recurrent wheeze (as defined in national asthma guidelines) by age 3 years.RESULTS This analytic cohort comprised 716 infants who were hospitalized for RSV-only or rhinovirus bronchiolitis. The median age was 2.9 months (interquartile range, 1.6-3.8 months), 541 (76%) had bronchiolitis with RSV only, 85 (12%) had rhinovirus A, 12 (2%) had rhinovirus B, and 78 (11%) had rhinovirus C infection. Overall, 231 (32%) developed recurrent wheeze by age 3 years. In the multivariable Cox model, compared with infants with RSV-only infection, the risk of recurrent wheeze was not significantly different in those with rhinovirus A or B (rhinovirus A: hazard ratio [HR], 1.27; 95% CI, 0.86-1.88; rhinovirus B: HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.51-3.77; both P > .10). By contrast, infants with rhinovirus C had a significantly higher risk (HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.08-2.32). There was a significant interaction between virus groups and IgE sensitization on the risk of recurrent wheeze (P for interaction < .01). Only infants with both rhinovirus C infection and IgE sensitization (to food or aeroallergens) during infancy had significantly higher risks of recurrent wheeze (HR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.20-7.61). Furthermore, compared with RSV-only, rhinovirus C infection with IgE sensitization was associated with significantly higher risks of recurrent wheeze with subsequent development of asthma at age 4 years (HR, 4.06; 95% CI, 1.17-14.1). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEThis multicenter cohort study of infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis demonstrated between-virus differences in the risk of developing recurrent wheeze. Infants with rhinovirus C infection, along with IgE sensitization, had the highest risk. This finding was driven by the association with a subtype of recurrent wheeze: children with subsequent development of asthma.

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Human Rhinovirus Species and Season of Infection Determine Illness Severity

Cited by 287 publications

References 44 publications

Enteroviruses and Rhinoviruses: Molecular Epidemiology of the Most Influenza-Like Illness Associated Viruses in Senegal

Enteroviruses and Rhinoviruses: Molecular Epidemiology of the Most Influenza-Like Illness Associated Viruses in Senegal

Infantile respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus infections: respective role in inception and persistence of wheezing

Association of Rhinovirus C Bronchiolitis and Immunoglobulin E Sensitization During Infancy With Development of Recurrent Wheeze

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