Human rhinoviruses: The cold wars resume

Mackay, Ian M.

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2008.04.002

Cited by 100 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 267 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In contrast to previous reports (Calvo et al 2007, 2008, Cheuk et al 2007, Bonzel et al 2008, we observed that HRV-PIV co-infection (median of 1.5 m.o.) was more …”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…106(3): 316-321, May 2011 Human rhinovirus (HRV) is typically associated with mild upper respiratory tract infections and exacerbation of asthma in children (Gern & Busse 1999, Manoha et al 2007, Mackay 2008, Kelly & Busse 2008. HRV is a member of the Picornaviridae family and is composed of a nonenveloped particle with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HRV is a member of the Picornaviridae family and is composed of a nonenveloped particle with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. The genome consists of 11 genes that are translated as a single polyprotein, which is divided into three regions (P1, P2 and P3) that are subsequently cleaved into four mature structural (VP4, VP2, VP3 and VP1) and seven non-structural proteins (2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C PRO and 3D POL ) (Kirchberger et al 2007, Kistler et al 2007, Mackay 2008. Three HRV species have been described: A, B and C (Lau et al 2007, Palmenberg et al 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scientists have questioned whether or not HRV co-infections lead to more severe clinical syndromes, cause longer hospitalisations and affect younger children more frequently (Drews et al 1997, Papadopoulos et al 2002, Calvo et al 2007, 2008, Gerna et al 2009, Midulla et al 2010.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Human rhinovirus in the lower respiratory tract infections of young children and the possible involvement of a secondary respiratory viral agent

Paula

Carneiro

Yokosawa

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In contrast to previous reports (Calvo et al 2007, 2008, Cheuk et al 2007, Bonzel et al 2008, we observed that HRV-PIV co-infection (median of 1.5 m.o.) was more …”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Human rhinovirus in the lower respiratory tract infections of young children and the possible involvement of a secondary respiratory viral agent

Paula

Carneiro

Yokosawa

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[1][2][3] Several real-time, RT-PCR assays have been developed; these have improved the diagnosis of rhinovirus infection over traditional culture methods, which are slow and insensitive. 4 -7 However, only a few published PCR assays have combined reverse transcription and PCR in the same real-time reaction (ie, one-step assay).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A One-Step, Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Detection of Rhinovirus

Laus

Leber

et al. 2010

The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

One-step , real-time PCR assays for rhinovirus have been developed for a limited number of PCR amplification platforms and chemistries , and some exhibit cross-reactivity with genetically similar enteroviruses. We developed a one-step , real-time PCR assay for rhinovirus by using a sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems; Foster City , CA). The primers were designed to amplify a 120-base target in the noncoding region of picornavirus RNA , and a TaqMan (Applied Biosystems) degenerate probe was designed for the specific detection of rhinovirus amplicons. The PCR assay had no cross-reactivity with a panel of 76 nontarget nucleic acids , which included RNAs from 43 enterovirus strains. Excellent lower limits of detection relative to viral culture were observed for the PCR assay by using 38 of 40 rhinovirus reference strains representing different serotypes , which could reproducibly detect rhinovirus serotype 2 in viral transport medium containing 10 to 10,000 TCID 50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose endpoint) units/ml of the virus. However, for rhinovirus serotypes 59 and 69, the PCR assay was less sensitive than culture. Testing of 48 clinical specimens from children with cold-like illnesses for rhinovirus by the PCR and culture assays yielded detection rates of 16.7% and 6.3%, respectively. For a batch of 10 specimens, the entire assay was completed in 4.5 hours. This real-time PCR assay enables detection of many rhinovirus serotypes with the Applied Biosystems reagent-instrument platform. Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of viral upper respiratory tract infections and have been associated with more severe lower tract infections in compromised patients.1-3 Several real-time, RT-PCR assays have been developed; these have improved the diagnosis of rhinovirus infection over traditional culture methods, which are slow and insensitive. 4 -7 However, only a few published PCR assays have combined reverse transcription and PCR in the same real-time reaction (ie, one-step assay). 8,9 The advantages of the one-step assay over the two-step assay include improved workflow, reduction in assay preparation time, and elimination of cross contamination from the transfer of cDNA from the reverse transcription reaction into the PCR reaction. One-step assays have been developed for a limited number of PCR amplification platforms and chemistries and may not necessarily perform optimally with other platforms.8 In addition, cross-reactivity with genetically similar enteroviruses has been reported with some assays. 8,9A one-step, real-time PCR assay has not been described for the ABI Prism Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems; Foster City, CA) though this platform is widely used in clinical and research laboratories. High PCR efficiency with this platform generally requires the use of primers and a TaqMan probe (Applied Biosystems) with melting temperatures of 58°C to 60°C and 68°C to 70°C, respectively, and an amplicon size of 50 to 150 bp. The 5Ј noncoding region of the rhinovirus genome is most commonly targe...

show abstract

Rhinoviruses

Arden

Mackay

2011

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections cause 70% of virus‐related wheezing exacerbations and cold and flu‐like disease. They are associated with otitis media, sinusitis and pneumonia. Annually, the health and socioeconomic impact of HRV infections costs billions of dollars. Since 1987, 100 officially recognised HRV serotypes have resided in two genetically distinct species, HRV‐A and HRV‐B. Their genome sequences were deduced in 2009. Recently a new species, HRV‐C was recognised, containing 60 genotypes, of which only two have been isolated in primary tissue. Little is known about HRV‐Cs. The HRVs reside within the genus Enterovirus , family Picornaviridae . What drives the development and maintenance of so many distinct viruses is unknown. What role recombination plays in generating this diversity and whether there are species‐specific circulation patterns and clinical outcomes remains unclear. In short, much remains uncertain about the HRVs but the current key features and clinical outcomes from HRV infection are presented. Key Concepts: The nonenveloped HRVs have a small RNA genome of approximately 7000 base pairs. A third, new species of HRV, HRV‐C was described in 2007; all species reside within the genus Enterovirus , family Picornaviridae. HRV prevalence peaks twice per year. HRVs cause cold and flu‐like symptoms and trigger asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. HRVs are associated with diseases such as otitis media, sinusitis and pneumonia. HRV infections are associated with considerable direct and indirect healthcare expenditure annually.

show abstract

Human rhinoviruses: The cold wars resume

Abstract: The finding of many divergent and previously unrecognized HRV strains has drawn attention and resources back to the most widespread and frequent infectious agent of humans; providing us the chance to seize the advantage in a decades-long cold war.

Cited by 100 publications

References 267 publications

Human rhinovirus in the lower respiratory tract infections of young children and the possible involvement of a secondary respiratory viral agent

Human rhinovirus in the lower respiratory tract infections of young children and the possible involvement of a secondary respiratory viral agent

A One-Step, Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Detection of Rhinovirus

Rhinoviruses

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About