Human ribs: Static testing as a promising medical application

Rib fractures under anterior–posterior dynamic loads: Experimental and finite-element study

“…Several experimental studies have been performed to determine the material properties and force-deformation behaviors of the rib tissues under three-point bending or tensile loading (Cormier et al, 2005;Granik and Stein, 1973;Kemper et al, 2005Kemper et al, , 2007Schultz et al, 1974;Stein and Granik, 1976;Stitzel et al, 2003;Yoganandan and Pintar, 1998). While these studies provide benchmarking data for determining material properties, they are less useful for characterizing structural-level biomechanical response, especially under anterior-posterior loading.…”

Influence of Age, Sex and Calcium and Phosphorus Levels on the Mechanical Properties of Various Bones in Swine

“…Determination of equations used for calculating the moment of inertia of various bone cross sections. The number in parentheses is the percentage difference from I b. I b = the area moment of inertia about the neutral axis determined by procedure used by Granik and Stein (1973). I c = moment of inertia determined with the equation for an ellipse.…”

“…Impressions were made of the cross sections of a representative portion of each bone, and the moment of inertia was calculated according to the method of Granik and Stein (1973). Diameters of the cross sections were used in equations for calculating the moment of inertia of known shapes, and the equation with the lowest percentage error was then used for that bone (figure 2).…”

Biomechanics of side impact: Injury criteria, aging occupants, and airbag technology

“…Other studies have also shown that the material properties of the human bones decrease with increasing age (Yamada 1970;Burstein et al, 1976;Hayes 1991;Zioupos and Currey 1998). Testing of human ribs is also available (Granik and Stein 1973;Schultz et al, 1974;Yoganandan and Pintar, 1998;Kimpara et al, 2003). During an analysis of 42 side impact PMHS tests in 1983, Marcus et al showed that the number of rib fractures (approximately 0.2 fractures ribs/year) and injury severity (0.025ÃAIS/ yr) increase with increasing age, emphasizing the (Pintar et al, 1997;Yoganandan and Pintar 2005). fragility of older occupants (Marcus et al, 1983).…”