Human Sapovirus in Clams, Japan

Hansman, Grant S.; Oka, Takahiro; Okamoto, Reiko; Nishida, Tomoko; Toda, Schoichi; Noda, Mamoru; Sano, Daisuke; Ueki, You; Imai, T.; Omura, Tatsuo; Nishio, Osamu; Kimura, Hirokazu; Takeda, Naokazu

doi:10.3201/eid1304.061390

Cited by 37 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The genetic analysis of SaVs in environmental samples, such as wastewater, river water, clams, and oysters, has been reported previously (3,9,11,18). The present study provides additional evidence for the genetic diversity of human SaVs in river water.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…The nested RT-PCR assay, number 3 shown in Table 3, had the highest amplification efficiency among the RT-PCR assays tested. Although some previous studies have attempted to identify SaV sequences in environmental samples, such as wastewater, river water, and clams, by conventional RT-PCR (number 1 or 2 in Table 2) (9,11,18), the sensitivity is low and the detection from environmental samples might be underestimated in these studies. Human SaV sequences were frequently detected in winter, from November to March, whereas none were obtained in April, July, September, or October ( Table 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR is currently the most widely used assay for detection of SaVs in clinical and environmental samples. Moreover, an RT-PCR assay coupled with nucleotide sequencing techniques enables us to obtain valuable information on the SaV strains (9,10,11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since SaVs have been detected from fecal samples of infected patients (6,17,19,25,26,29,30) and environmental samples such as wastewater, river water, clams, and oysters (3,9,11,16,18), it is believed that SaVs are transmitted from person to person via fecal-oral routes and through contaminated foods and water. Caliciviruses, namely, SaVs and noroviruses (NoVs), are included in the latest U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Contaminant Candidate List (CCL 3), a list of emerging contaminants that may pose a public health risk in water environments (27).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Detection and Genetic Analysis of Human Sapoviruses in River Water in Japan

Kitajima

Oka

Haramoto

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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We investigated the prevalence of sapoviruses (SaVs) in the Tamagawa River in Japan from April 2003 to March 2004 and performed genetic analysis of the SaV genes identified in river water. A total of 60 river water samples were collected from five sites along the river, and 500 ml was concentrated using the cation-coated filter method. By use of a real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay, 12 (20%) of the 60 samples were positive for SaV. SaV sequences were obtained from 15 (25%) samples, and a total of 30 SaV strains were identified using six RT-PCR assays followed by cloning and sequence analysis. A newly developed nested RT-PCR assay utilizing a broadly reactive forward primer showed the highest detection efficiency and amplified more diverse SaV genomes in the samples. SaV sequences were frequently detected from November to March, whereas none were obtained in April, July, September, or October. No SaV sequences were detected in the upstream portion of the river, whereas the midstream portion showed high positive rates. Based on phylogenetic analysis, SaV strains identified in the river water samples were classified into nine genotypes, namely, GI/1, GI/2, GI/3, GI/5, GI/untyped, GII/1, GII/2, GII/3, and GV/1. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing seasonal and spatial distributions and genetic diversity of SaVs in river water. A combination of real-time RT-PCR assay and newly developed nested RT-PCR assay is useful for identifying and characterizing SaV strains in a water environment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Detection and Genetic Analysis of Human Sapoviruses in River Water in Japan

Kitajima

Oka

Haramoto

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…and environmental samples including river water (Kitajima et al 2010;Sano et al 2011), wastewater (Haramoto et al 2008;Kitajima et al 2011) and shellfish (Hansman et al 2007b;Iizuka et al 2010;Ueki et al 2010); predominantly in J a p a n a n d S p a i n . H o w e v e r , w h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h N o V s , t h e r e i s l i m i t e d information available on SaVs circulating in the environment worldwide.…”

Section: Sapoviruses Have Been Quantitatively Detected and Characterimentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a Competitive Internal Amplification Control for the Detection of Sapoviruses in Wastewater

et al. 2012

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Surveillance of pathogens in outpatients with gastroenteritis and characterization of sapovirus strains between 2002 and 2007 in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan

Harada

Okada

Yahiro

et al. 2009

Journal of Medical Virology

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Infectious acute gastroenteritis is an important public health problem worldwide. A total of 639 stool specimens were tested for the presence of diarrhea pathogens. The specimens were from outpatients with acute gastroenteritis who consulted the pediatric clinic in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, from June 2002 to December 2007. Of these, 421 (65.9%) were positive for diarrhea pathogens. Among them were norovirus (NoV) in 260 (61.8%), sapovirus (SaV) in 81 (19.2%), rotavirus in 49 (11.6%), adenovirus in 19 (4.5%), enterovirus in 13 (3.1%), astrovirus in 9 (2.1%), kobuvirus in 1 (0.2%), and bacterial pathogens in 11 (2.6%). Mixed infection (co-infection of viruses) was found in 22 (5.2%) of the 421 pathogen-positive stool samples. NoV was the most prevalent pathogen throughout the study period; however, the SaV detection rate was unexpectedly high and was found to be the secondary pathogen from 2005 to 2007. Genetic analysis of SaV with 81 strains demonstrated that SaV strains belonging to genogroup IV emerged in 2007, and dynamic genogroup changes occurred in a restricted geographic area. This study showed that SaV infection is not as rare as thought previously.

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Human Sapovirus in Clams, Japan

Cited by 37 publications

References 15 publications

Detection and Genetic Analysis of Human Sapoviruses in River Water in Japan

Detection and Genetic Analysis of Human Sapoviruses in River Water in Japan

Application of a Competitive Internal Amplification Control for the Detection of Sapoviruses in Wastewater

Surveillance of pathogens in outpatients with gastroenteritis and characterization of sapovirus strains between 2002 and 2007 in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan

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