Human Schistosomiasis: Clinical Perspective: Review

Barsoum, Rashad S.; Esmat, Gamal; Elbaz, Tamer

doi:10.1016/j.jare.2013.01.005

Cited by 162 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Despite the tremendous global burden of schistosomiasis, and the likelihood of the disease gaining importance, public health significance of this disease is often underestimated. There are two common explanations for this: (1) focal distribution of schistosomiasis; and (2) the severe disease state only follows after many years of mildly asymptomatic infections [13,[32][33][34].…”

Section: Global Schistosomiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Schistosomiasis as a disease and its prevalence in Sudan: An overview

Sulieman¹,

Eltayeb²,

Pengsakul³

et al. 2017

JCLM

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Section: Global Schistosomiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Schistosomiasis as a disease and its prevalence in Sudan: An overview

Sulieman¹,

Eltayeb²,

Pengsakul³

et al. 2017

JCLM

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“…The spleen is usually palpable and, in many cases, massively enlarged; upon examination, it is fi rm, smooth and non-tender (Table 1) [11][12][13] .…”

Section: Clinical Definition Of Hepatosplenicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the concept of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and its challenges using traditional and new tools

Lambertucci

2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Different aspects of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis are revisited here. Manson's schistosomiasis causes periportal fi brosis and portal hypertension in approximately 6% of infected subjects, usually with preservation of their hepatic function. The assessment of liver involvement is of major importance in determining the prognosis and risk of complications from schistosomiasis, such as upper digestive bleeding secondary to variceal rupture. For many years, the diagnosis of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and liver fi brosis was made by abdominal palpation and the fi nding of liver and/or spleen enlargement. However, there is no consensus regarding the clinical parameters of the liver and spleen to be considered in this physical evaluation. For the last three decades, abdominal ultrasound (US) has become the best imaging technique to evaluate liver fi brosis caused by schistosomiasis mansoni. However, US is a subjective procedure and is therefore examiner-dependent. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fi ndings have provided valuable information in addition to ultrasound and clinical examination. The combination of a comprehensive history and physical examination, basic laboratory tests (a stool examination for Schistosoma mansoni eggs and a blood cell count), biomarkers for liver fi brosis/portal hypertension and imaging methods seem to offer the best approach for evaluating patients with this disease. In situations where research is involved or in patients with severe disease, MRI may be considered.

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“…The death rate is approximately 200,000 deaths worldwide, and 779 million people live under risk of infection. [1][2][3][4][5] Chemotherapy is an immediate recourse to reduce the incidence of this disease worldwide. 2 Praziquantel (PZQ) is a pyrazinoquisoquinolone derivative (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as a Strategy to Improve the <I>In Vitro</I> Schistosomiasis Activity of Praziquantel

Kolenyak-Santos¹,

Garnero²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2015

j nanosci nanotechnol

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Praziquantel (PZQ) is a pyrazinoisoquinoline anthelmintic that was discovered in 1972 by Bayer Germany. Currently, due to its efficacy, PZQ is the drug of choice against all species of Schistosoma. Although widely used, PZQ exhibits low and erratic bioavailability because of its poor water solubility. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), second-generation solid lipid nanoparticles, were developed in the 1990s to improve the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate nanostructured lipid carriers as a strategy to improve the efficacy of PZQ in S. mansoni treatment. We prepared NLC2 and NLC4 by adding seventy percent glycerol monostearate (GMS) as the solid lipid, 30% oleic acid (OA) as the liquid lipid and two surfactant systems containing either soybean phosphatidylcholine/poloxamer (PC/P-407) or phosphatidylcholine/Tween 60 (PC/T60), respectively. The carriers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The safety profile was evaluated using red cell hemolysis and in vitro cytotoxicity assays. The results showed that the encapsulation of PZQ in NLC2 or NLC4 improved the safety profile of the drug. Treatment efficacy was evaluated on the S. mansoni BH strain. PZQ-NLC2 and PZQ-NLC4 demonstrated an improved efficacy in comparison with free PZQ. The results showed that the intestinal transport of free PZQ and PZQ-NLC2 was similar. However, we observed that the concentration of PZQ absorbed was smaller when PZQ was loaded in NLC4. The difference between the amounts of absorbed PZQ could indicate that the presence of T60 in the nanoparticles (NLC4) increased the rigid lipid matrix, prolonging release of the drug. Both systems showed considerable in vitro activity against S. mansoni, suggesting that these systems may be a promising platform for the administration of PZQ for treating schistosomiasis.

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Human Schistosomiasis: Clinical Perspective: Review

Cited by 162 publications

References 61 publications

Schistosomiasis as a disease and its prevalence in Sudan: An overview

Schistosomiasis as a disease and its prevalence in Sudan: An overview

Revisiting the concept of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and its challenges using traditional and new tools

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as a Strategy to Improve the <I>In Vitro</I> Schistosomiasis Activity of Praziquantel

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