Human Security: China’s Discourses and Experience

Abstract

This article addresses three research questions by elaborating on how the idea of human security is understood or defined by the government and social actors in China; how the distinction between the "protection" aspect and "empowerment" aspect of human security is understood and accepted; and what particular downside risks are perceived as pressing human security issues in China. Amongst these the major ones include air pollution, food security, and cyber security. The study reveals that, whilst as a term "human security" is not frequently used, there have been significant discussions leading to the consideration and implementation of various human security practices in China. The idea of human security has been firmly established and threats to human security detected. For both the government and academic community in China, human security and state security are not necessarily confrontational but can rather be combined, often complimenting each other. Recent developments in China are pointing to a positive direction in terms of human security in the country.

Synchronization of National Security Policy in the Discourse of the Establishment of the National Security Council

“…Replenishment to peace, "non-traditional security" corresponds to risk, crisis, emergency, and common threats to the human being. As well associated with natural catastrophe, arising in public-health occurrence, and main public-security occasions (Ren, 2016). The challenge of the security concepts means that their various viewpoint is often handled separately.…”

The Human Security Dimension of China’s Belt and Road Initiative

“…This has been articulated in PRC's regional relations, for example via the Joint Declaration on Cooperation in the Field of Non-traditional Security Issues (2002) (PRC, 2017a;PRC, 2017b;Emmers, 2007;Wong, 2007;Lijun, 2006). However, these concerns have not flowed into a wider pattern of civil society empowerment (Ren, 2016;Breslin, 2015;Wu, 2012).…”