Human Serum from Urban and Rural Adolescents and Their Mothers Shows Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Not Found in Commercial Mixtures

Koh, Wen Xin; Hornbuckle, Keri C.; Thorne, Peter S.

doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b01854

Cited by 69 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Aroclor and non-Aroclor PCBs and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) have been measured in people around the world including children. 2, 26–29 Although OH-PCBs are recognized as human 28, 30 and plant 31 metabolites of PCBs, they are also emerging as abiotic environmental contaminants of water, 32 sediment and Aroclors, 33 and outdoor air. 34 Exposure of school-age children to PCBs and OH-PCBs is particularly concerning because these compounds are carcinogenic to humans, 35 target the endocrine system, 36, 37 and are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne PCBs and OH-PCBs Inside and Outside Urban and Rural U.S. Schools

Marek¹,

Thorne

Herkert³

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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120

183

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PCBs appear in school air because many school buildings were built when PCBs were still intentionally added to building materials and because PCBs are also present through inadvertent production in modern pigment. This is of concern because children are especially vulnerable to the toxic effects of PCBs. Here we report indoor and outdoor air concentrations of PCBs and OH-PCBs from two rural schools and four urban schools, the latter near a PCB-contaminated waterway of Lake Michigan in the United States. Samples (n=108) were collected as in/out pairs using polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) from January 2012 to November 2015. Samples were analyzed using GC/MS-MS for all 209 PCBs and 72 OH-PCBs. Concentrations inside schools were one to two orders of magnitude higher than outdoors and ranged 0.5–194 ng/m3 (PCBs) and 4–665 pg/m3 (OH-PCBs). Congener profiles were similar within each sampling location across season but different between schools and indicated the sources as Aroclors from building materials and individual PCBs associated with modern pigment. This study is the first cohort-specific analysis to show that some children’s PCB inhalation exposure may be equal to or higher than their exposure through diet.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne PCBs and OH-PCBs Inside and Outside Urban and Rural U.S. Schools

Marek¹,

Thorne

Herkert³

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

Self Cite

120

183

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“…PCB 95, one of 19 chiral PCB congeners, is not only one of the more prevalent legacy congeners found in aging schools, 30−32 but there is also evidence of contemporary sources from the pigment industry 33−35 Rac -PCB 95 is also among the most potent and efficacious PCB congeners that target and modify ryanodine receptor (RyRs), microsomal Ca 2+ channels that regulate the spatial and temporal fidelity of Ca 2+ dynamics in a broad number of cell types, including striated muscle and neurons. 36−40 Interactions of PCBs with RyRs exhibited stringent structural-activity relationships 39−41 that can adversely influence aspects of neuronal connectivity, 36,37,42,43 activities that appear to be highly stereoselective as demonstrated with PCB 136 enantiomers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enantioselectivity of 2,2′,3,5′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) Atropisomers toward Ryanodine Receptors (RyRs) and Their Influences on Hippocampal Neuronal Networks

Feng

Zheng

Robin

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Nineteen ortho-substituted PCBs are chiral and found enantioselectively enriched in ecosystems. Their differential actions on biological targets are not understood. PCB 95 (2,2′,3,5′,6-pentachlorobiphenyl), a chiral PCB of current environmental relevance, is among the most potent toward modifying ryanodine receptors (RyR) function and Ca2+ signaling. PCB 95 enantiomers are separated and assigned aR- and aS-PCB 95 using three chiral-column HPLC and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Studies of RyR1-enriched microsomes show aR-PCB 95 with >4× greater potency (EC50 = 0.20 ± 0.05 μM), ~ 1.3× higher efficacy (Bmax = 3.74 ± 0.07 μM) in [3H]Ryanodine-binding and >3× greater rates (R = 7.72 ± 0.31 nmol/sec/mg) of Ca2+ efflux compared with aS-PCB 95, whereas racemate has intermediate activity. aR-PCB 95 has modest selectivity for RyR2, and lower potency than racemate toward the RyR isoform mixture in brain membranes. Chronic exposure of hippocampal neuronal networks to nanomolar PCB 95 during a critical developmental period shows divergent influences on synchronous Ca2+ oscillation (SCO): rac-PCB 95 increasing and aR-PCB 95 decreasing SCO frequency at 50 nM, although the latter’s effects are nonmonotonic at higher concentration. aS-PCB95 shows the greatest influence on inhibiting responses to 20 Hz electrical pulse trains. Considering persistence of PCB 95 in the environment, stereoselectivity toward RyRs and developing neuronal networks may clarify health risks associated with enantioisomeric enrichment of PCBs.

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“…PCBs are also inadvertently produced as a byproduct of the manufacture of paint pigments (Grossman, 2013). In this way, PCBs can contaminate, and have recently been detected in, indoor and outdoor air and sediment to which humans can be exposed (Koh et al, 2015). Furthermore, older buildings still containing PCBs in caulking and fluorescent light ballasts will continue to contribute PCBs to ecosystems as they are remediated or demolished (Hornbuckle & Robertson, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategy set-shifting and response inhibition in adult rats exposed to an environmental polychlorinated biphenyl mixture during adolescence

Monaikul

Eubig

Floresco

et al. 2017

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Converging evidence from studies with animal models and humans suggests that early developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) leads to deficits in cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. These processes are mediated to a large extent by the prefrontal cortex, thus we examined the effects of PCB exposure during adolescence—a period of robust prefrontal cortical development—on both processes. Specifically, we used operant set-shifting and differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) tasks to assess cognitive flexibility and response inhibition, respectively. One male and one female pup from each of 14 litters were assigned to each of three treatment groups: 0, 3 or 6 mg PCB/kg/day. Rats were dosed orally from postnatal day (PND) 27–50 to capture the whole period of adolescence in rats. At approximately PND 90, they began testing in the set-shifting task which included an initial visual cue discrimination, an extra-dimensional shift to a position discrimination and a reversal of the position discrimination. There were no statistically significant group differences in errors to criterion on visual cue discrimination or on the shift from visual to position discrimination in either males or females. During the position reversal, the 6 mg/kg PCB males made significantly fewer errors to reach criterion than control males. The 3 mg/kg PCB males showed a trend in the same direction, but this did not reach statistical significance. Interestingly, error analysis revealed that PCB-exposed males made significantly fewer perseverative errors than controls in this phase. No group differences were observed in females. These results suggest a male-specific effect of adolescent PCB-exposure on the reversal phase of the set-shifting task. Following set-shifting, rats progressed to the DRL task in which they were required to withhold responding for a specified period of time (15 seconds) in order to receive a reinforcer. There were no exposure-related group differences in total presses or efficiency ratio in males or in females. In summary, there were subtle sex-specific effects of adolescent PCB exposure on the reversal phase of a set-shifting task, but no effects of exposure on performance on a DRL15 task, suggesting an effect on cognitive flexibility but not response inhibition.

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Human Serum from Urban and Rural Adolescents and Their Mothers Shows Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Not Found in Commercial Mixtures

Cited by 69 publications

References 50 publications

Airborne PCBs and OH-PCBs Inside and Outside Urban and Rural U.S. Schools

Airborne PCBs and OH-PCBs Inside and Outside Urban and Rural U.S. Schools

Enantioselectivity of 2,2′,3,5′,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) Atropisomers toward Ryanodine Receptors (RyRs) and Their Influences on Hippocampal Neuronal Networks

Strategy set-shifting and response inhibition in adult rats exposed to an environmental polychlorinated biphenyl mixture during adolescence

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