Human Sialome and Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: An Understated Correlation?

Morniroli, Daniela; Giannì, Maria Lorella; Consales, Alessandra; Pietrasanta, Carlo; Mosca, Fabio

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01480

Cited by 58 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Estrogens also upregulate antibody sialylation, which yields an anti-inflammatory effect that is lost after menopause ( 68 ). Those authors speculate that reduction of sialylation of defensive respiratory mucus could contribute to the higher incidence of severe SARS-Cov-2 infections in men and elderly women ( 69 ). It has also been reported that interaction of 17β-estradiol with estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) upregulates MUC5B gene expression through activation of the ERK-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway ( 70 ).…”

Section: Impact Of Gender and Age On Mucin Expression—implications Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

Defensive Properties of Mucin Glycoproteins during Respiratory Infections—Relevance for SARS-CoV-2

Chatterjee

Putten

Strijbis

2020

mBio

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Mucus plays a pivotal role in protecting the respiratory tract against microbial infections. It acts as a primary contact site to entrap microbes and facilitates their removal from the respiratory tract via the coordinated beating of motile cilia. The major components of airway mucus are heavily O-glycosylated mucin glycoproteins, divided into gel-forming mucins and transmembrane mucins. The gel-forming mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B are the primary structural components of airway mucus, and they enable efficient clearance of pathogens by mucociliary clearance. MUC5B is constitutively expressed in the healthy airway, whereas MUC5AC is upregulated in response to inflammatory challenge. MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16 are the three major transmembrane mucins of the respiratory tracts which prevent microbial invasion, can act as releasable decoy receptors, and activate intracellular signal transduction pathways. Pathogens have evolved virulence factors such as adhesins that facilitate interaction with specific mucins and mucin glycans, for example, terminal sialic acids. Mucin expression and glycosylation are dependent on the inflammatory state of the respiratory tract and are directly regulated by proinflammatory cytokines and microbial ligands. Gender and age also impact mucin glycosylation and expression through the female sex hormone estradiol and age-related downregulation of mucin production. Here, we discuss what is currently known about the role of respiratory mucins and their glycans during bacterial and viral infections of the airways and their relevance for the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Understanding the impact of microbe-mucin interaction in the respiratory tract could inspire the development of novel therapies to boost mucosal defense and combat respiratory infections.

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Section: Impact Of Gender and Age On Mucin Expression—implications Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

Defensive Properties of Mucin Glycoproteins during Respiratory Infections—Relevance for SARS-CoV-2

Chatterjee

Putten

Strijbis

2020

mBio

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“…However, the presence of three highly frequent nonsense SNPs in the receptor-binding domain of spike glycoprotein may also be explained by the presence of alternative pathways of host cellular invasion. This is supported by a recent finding of the reliance of some SARS-CoV-2 strains on ACE2-independent routes of infection [43]. However, further information regarding this matter is lacking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Infection with different strains of SARS-COV-2 in patients with COVID-19

Hashim

Mohammed²,

Mousa

et al. 2020

Arch biol sci (Beogr)

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The biological diversity of SARS-CoV-2 was assessed by investigating the genetic variations of the spike glycoprotein of patients with COVID-19 in Iraq. Sequencing identified fifteen novel nucleic acid variations with a variety of distributions within the investigated samples. The electropherograms of all identified variations showed obvious co-infections with two different viral strains per sample. Most samples exhibited three nonsense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), p.301Cdel, p.380Ydel and p.436del, which yielded three truncated spike glycoproteins, respectively. Network and phylogenetic analyses indicated that all viral infections were derived from multiple viral origins. Results inferred from the specific clade-based tree showed that some viral strains were derived from European G-clade sequences. Our data demonstrated the absence of single-strain infection among all investigated samples in the studied area, which entails a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 in this country. The identified high frequency of truncated spike proteins suggests that defective SARS-CoV-2 depend on helper strains possessing intact spikes during infection. Alternatively, another putative ACE2-independent route of viral infection is suggested. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe co-infection with multiple strains of SARS-CoV- 2 in patients with COVID-19.

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“…However, the presence of three high frequent nonsense SNPs in the receptor-binding domain of spike glycoprotein in this study may also be explained by the presence of alternative pathways of host cellular invasion. This possible suggestion has been supported by a recent finding that described the possible reliance of some SARS-CoV-2 strains on ACE2-independent routes in infection [41]. However, further information in this regard is still missing, and many investigations have not yet released sufficient data around this issue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Unexpected Co-infection with Different Strains of SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19

Hashim¹,

Mohammed²,

Mousa³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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There is a rising global concern for the ongoing outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 due to its high transmission rate and unavailability of treatment. Through the binding of its spike glycoprotein with angiotensin type 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently get in the cells of patients and start its pandemic cycle. Herein, the biological diversity of SARS-CoV-2 infection was assessed in Babylon province of Iraq by investigating the possible genetic variations of the spike glycoprotein. A specific coding region of 795 bp within the viral spike (S) gene was amplified from 19 patients who suffered from obvious symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sequencing results identified fifteen novel nucleic acid variations with a variety of distributions within the investigated samples. The electropherograms of all the identified variations showed obvious co-infections with at least two different viral strains per sample. Within these co-infections, the majority of samples exhibited three nonsense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s, p.301Cdel, p.380Ydel, and p.436del, which yielded three truncated SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins of 301, 380, and 436 amino acids length, respectively. The network and phylogenetic analyses indicated that for all viral infections were derived from multi-ancestral origins. Results inferred from the specific clade-based tree entailed that some viral strains were derived from European G-clade sequences. In conclusion, our data demonstrated the absence of any single strain infection among all investigated viral samples in the studied area, which may entail a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 in this country. Through the identified high frequency of truncated spike proteins, we suggest that defective SARS-CoV-2 may depend on helper strains having intact spikes in its infection. Alternatively, another putative ACE2-independent route of viral infection way also suggested. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the co-infection of multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19.

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Human Sialome and Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: An Understated Correlation?

Cited by 58 publications

References 10 publications

Defensive Properties of Mucin Glycoproteins during Respiratory Infections—Relevance for SARS-CoV-2

Defensive Properties of Mucin Glycoproteins during Respiratory Infections—Relevance for SARS-CoV-2

Infection with different strains of SARS-COV-2 in patients with COVID-19

Unexpected Co-infection with Different Strains of SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19

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