Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota

Skowron, Krzysztof; Bauza-Kaszewska, Justyna; Kraszewska, Zuzanna; Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, Natalia; Grudlewska‐Buda, Katarzyna; Kwiecińska-Piróg, Joanna; Wałecka-Zacharska, Ewa; Radtke, Laura; Gospodarek‐Komkowska, Eugenia

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9030543

Cited by 174 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 123 publications

(146 reference statements)

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“…can be found. The biodiversity of microbiota is generally decreased in moderate-to-severe psoriatic patients in contrary to mild psoriatic patients [5].…”

Section: Psoriasismentioning

confidence: 94%

“…They can be found not only on the surface of the epidermis, but also in sweat, sebaceous glands and associated hair follicles [4]. The composition of microbiome differs among different regions affected by numerous factors including age, gender, genetics, immunity, hormonal balance, sleep routine, stress, metabolic factors, hygiene and skin care routine, chemical or ultraviolet radiation exposure, physical activity, climate, environmental pollution and availability of nutrients [5]. The initial colonization of the skin depends on the delivery mode, with neonates delivered vaginally acquiring the species (spp.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most dominant group in the skin microbiome are bacteria [10]. The most dominant species are Staphylococcus epidermidis, Cutibacterium acnes and Corynebacterium, which overall are estimated to constitute 45-80% of the skin microbiome [5]. Considering bacteria, sebaceous and dry areas are dominated by Cutibacterium spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbiome Modulation as a Therapeutic Approach in Chronic Skin Diseases

et al. 2021

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There is a growing quantity of evidence on how skin and gut microbiome composition impacts the course of various dermatological diseases. The strategies involving the modulation of bacterial composition are increasingly in the focus of research attention. The aim of the present review was to analyze the literature available in PubMed (MEDLINE) and EMBASE databases on the topic of microbiome modulation in skin diseases. The effects and possible mechanisms of action of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in dermatological conditions including atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, chronic ulcers, seborrheic dermatitis, burns and acne were analyzed. Due to the very limited number of studies available regarding the topic of microbiome modulation in all skin diseases except for AD, the authors decided to also include case reports and original studies concerning oral administration and topical application of the pro-, pre- and synbiotics in the final analysis. The evaluated studies mostly reported significant health benefits to the patients or show promising results in animal or ex vivo studies. However, due to a limited amount of research and unambiguous results, the topic of microbiome modulation as a therapeutic approach in skin diseases still warrants further investigation.

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“…can be found. The biodiversity of microbiota is generally decreased in moderate-to-severe psoriatic patients in contrary to mild psoriatic patients [5].…”

Section: Psoriasismentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbiome Modulation as a Therapeutic Approach in Chronic Skin Diseases

et al. 2021

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“…The skin's surface is dry and acidic, with a pH of around 4.1 to 5.8 [20]. The top layer of the epidermis continuously releases 600,000−1,000,000 keratinized cells per hour for renewal of the skin every month [21]. It has been reported that about 10% of exfoliated cells are composed of bacteria that affect the skin microbiota's composition [22].…”

Section: Cutaneous Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

The Antibiofilm Nanosystems for Improved Infection Inhibition of Microbes in Skin

et al. 2021

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Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor for the opportunistic microorganisms that elicit skin infections. The recalcitrant feature of biofilms and their antibiotic tolerance impose a great challenge on the use of conventional therapies. Most antibacterial agents have difficulty penetrating the matrix produced by a biofilm. One novel approach to address these concerns is to prevent or inhibit the formation of biofilms using nanoparticles. The advantages of using nanosystems for antibiofilm applications include high drug loading efficiency, sustained or prolonged drug release, increased drug stability, improved bioavailability, close contact with bacteria, and enhanced accumulation or targeting to biomasses. Topically applied nanoparticles can act as a strategy for enhancing antibiotic delivery into the skin. Various types of nanoparticles, including metal oxide nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and lipid-based nanoparticles, have been employed for topical delivery to treat biofilm infections on the skin. Moreover, nanoparticles can be designed to combine with external stimuli to produce magnetic, photothermal, or photodynamic effects to ablate the biofilm matrix. This study focuses on advanced antibiofilm approaches based on nanomedicine for treating skin infections. We provide in-depth descriptions on how the nanoparticles could effectively eliminate biofilms and any pathogens inside them. We then describe cases of using nanoparticles for antibiofilm treatment of the skin. Most of the studies included in this review were supported by in vivo animal infection models. This article offers an overview of the benefits of nanosystems for treating biofilms grown on the skin.

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“…Although the picture of microbial dysbiosis is currently incomplete (particularly whether it is a cause or consequence of disease [ 77 ]), work thus far indicates that microbe biodiversity and abundance, influenced by host or intrinsic factors (e.g., age, gender, immunity and hormonal status) [ 78 , 79 ] and environmental or extrinsic factors (e.g., climate, physical activity, diet, grooming products or even face mask wearing as highlighted during the recent COVID-19 pandemic) [ 14 , 80 ], are important in maintaining skin health or driving disease. The microbial component of disease has therefore been an important target in treatment with anti-fungal therapies such as the commercially popular ZnPT available over-the-counter.…”

Section: Microbial Dysbiosis As a Key Target For Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted Delivery of Zinc Pyrithione to Skin Epithelia

Mangion

Holmes

Roberts

2021

IJMS

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Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is an anti-fungal drug delivered as a microparticle to skin epithelia. It is one of the most widely used ingredients worldwide in medicated shampoo for treating dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (SD), a disorder with symptoms that include skin flaking, erythema and pruritus. SD is a multi-factorial disease driven by microbiol dysbiosis, primarily involving Malassezia yeast. Anti-fungal activity of ZnPT depends on the cutaneous availability of bioactive monomeric molecular species, occurring upon particle dissolution. The success of ZnPT as a topical therapeutic is underscored by the way it balances treatment efficacy with formulation safety. This review demonstrates how ZnPT achieves this balance, by integrating the current understanding of SD pathogenesis with an up-to-date analysis of ZnPT pharmacology, therapeutics and toxicology. ZnPT has anti-fungal activity with an average in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration of 10–15 ppm against the most abundant scalp skin Malassezia species (Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restrica). Efficacy is dependent on the targeted delivery of ZnPT to the skin sites where these yeasts reside, including the scalp surface and hair follicle infundibulum. Imaging and quantitative analysis tools have been fundamental for critically evaluating the therapeutic performance and safety of topical ZnPT formulations. Toxicologic investigations have focused on understanding the risk of local and systemic adverse effects following exposure from percutaneous penetration. Future research is expected to yield further advances in ZnPT formulations for SD and also include re-purposing towards a range of other dermatologic applications, which is likely to have significant clinical impact.

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Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota

Cited by 174 publications

References 123 publications

Microbiome Modulation as a Therapeutic Approach in Chronic Skin Diseases

Microbiome Modulation as a Therapeutic Approach in Chronic Skin Diseases

The Antibiofilm Nanosystems for Improved Infection Inhibition of Microbes in Skin

Targeted Delivery of Zinc Pyrithione to Skin Epithelia

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