Human subcutaneous/ocular dirofilariasis in the Russian Federation and Belarus, 1997–2013

Kartashev, Vladimir; Tverdokhlebova, Tatiana; Korzan, Alla; Vedenkov, A.; Simón, Luis; González‐Miguel, Javier; Morchón, Rodrigo; Siles-Lucas, Mar; Simón, F

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2015.02.017

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…The retrospective review of clinical cases highlights the actual incidence of the disease. Although it is widely accepted that in many countries human dirofilariasis is underdiagnosed, a dramatic increase in the level of incidence worldwide has been confirmed and is mainly subcutaneous/ocular in nature (Figure 3(a)) [6, 29, 39]. …”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these, 4250 have occurred in Europe, with the highest incidences occurring in Ukraine (1934 cases), Russia (1440), Italy (326), and Belorussia (131), and with only 35 pulmonary cases attributed to D. immitis [6, 39, 77]. In Asia (Figure 3(b)), Sri Lanka, with 135 cases [78, 79], and India, with at least 100 subcutaneous/ocular cases and 3 pulmonary cases [80], are the countries with the highest level of incidence for human subcutaneous/ocular dirofilariasis.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epidemiological studies have indicated that before 2000 dirofilariasis was almost exclusively associated with the southern European countries. Nevertheless, after this date dirofilariasis extended towards colder central and northern countries, with autochthonous cases having been reported in humans until a latitude of 61°N in Russia [6, 39]. In North America, where the temperature has increased between 1.3° and 1.9°F above those registered in 1895 [108], dirofilariasis has been gradually expanding over the decades [4, 16].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Complexity of Zoonotic Filariasis Episystem and Its Consequences: A Multidisciplinary View

Simón

González‐Miguel

Diosdado

et al. 2017

BioMed Research International

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Vector-borne transmitted helminthic zoonosis affects the health and economy of both developing and developed countries. The concept of episystem includes the set of biological, environmental, and epidemiological elements of these diseases in defined geographic and temporal scales. Dirofilariasis caused by different species of the genus Dirofilaria is a disease affecting domestic and wild canines and felines and man, transmitted by different species of culicid mosquitoes. This complexity is increased because Dirofilaria species harbor intracellular symbiont Wolbachia bacteriae, which play a key role in the embryogenesis and development of dirofilariae and in the inflammatory pathology of the disease. In addition, the vector transmission makes the dirofilariasis susceptible to the influence of the climate and its variations. The present review addresses the analysis of dirofilariasis from the point of view of the episystem, analyzing the complex network of interactions established between biological components, climate, and factors related to human activity, as well as the different problems they pose. The progress of knowledge on human and animal dirofilariasis is largely due to the multidisciplinary approach. Nevertheless, different aspects of the disease need to continue being investigated and cooperation between countries and specialists involved should be intensified.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Complexity of Zoonotic Filariasis Episystem and Its Consequences: A Multidisciplinary View

Simón

González‐Miguel

Diosdado

et al. 2017

BioMed Research International

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“…infections has been observed in eastern and central Europe, including an increase of human cases [10, 11]. Moreover, autochthonous cases were detected in countries, which were previously regarded as non-endemic: Austria [12], Poland [13], Germany [14], Czech Republic [15] and Belarus [16]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulation of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in Moldova

et al. 2016

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BackgroundOver the last two decades, a significant spread of dirofilariasis has been observed in eastern and central Europe. However, data on the circulation of Dirofilaria spp. in Moldova were absent although direct neighbor states reported high incidence rates of human dirofilariasis.MethodsDaily mean temperature data were used to calculate Dirofilaria spp. development units, which were used to estimate the potential for complete extrinsic development in the mosquitoes (= sum of potential Dirofilaria spp. transmission days). In addition, 4,481 adult female mosquitoes were collected from 25 trapping sites. From 2010 to 2015, sampling was conducted with Centers for Disease Control miniature light traps, indoor resting mosquito collections as well as human landing catches in urban, rural and natural areas. Mosquitoes were analyzed for the presence of D. repens and D. immitis DNA using a duplex real-time PCR assay targeting nucleotide differences within the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (D. repens) and 16S rRNA gene fragment (D. immitis).ResultsThe average of the yearly sum of potential Dirofilaria spp. transmission days between 2010 and 2015 ranged from 90 to 140 days with an increasing gradient from the North to the South of Moldova. Positive mosquito pools for D. repens were found countrywide at 13 of the 25 trapping sites and in 17 of the 22 screened mosquito taxa (26.51% of all 347 tested pools), while D. immitis was detected only at 4 of the trapping sites (Center and South) in 4 different mosquito species (8.65% of all 347 tested pools). Highest infection rates (EIR) per 100 specimens for both Dirofilaria species were found in An. maculipennis (s.l.) (D. repens: EIR = 4.91; D. immitis: EIR = 2.01), whereas the most frequent mosquito taxon Cx. pipiens (s.l.)/torrentium had significantly lower infections rates (D. repens: EIR = 0.88; D. immitis: EIR = 0.47).ConclusionsThe temperature conditions in Moldova are suitable for transmission of Dirofilaria spp. within the entire country, which is supported by a wide distribution of Dirofilaria spp.-positive mosquitoes with high infection rates. The low number of reported human cases most likely does not reflect the current epidemiological situation of dirofilariasis in Moldova.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1916-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Dirofilaria spp. were frequency localised in the ocular area (more than 50% cases) [8,79,81,83,84,88,[89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102] follow head and face [8,81,[88][89][90][91][92]96], upper limbs [8,88,89,92,[96][97][98][99][100], stomach [8,88,89], genitals [8,83,84,88,89,91,106,107], breast and knees [8,67,88,…”

Section: Human Dirofilarisismentioning

confidence: 99%

Dirofilariasis in Russian Federation: a big problem with large distribution

Tatyana¹,

Alexey²

2018

Russ Open Med J

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Dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria spp. is an important vector-borne and largely zoonotic disease. In Russia, dirofilariasis is caused by two agents D. immitis and D. repens. The present article provides detailed analyses of human and canine dirofilariasis methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease, with particular reference to the control programmes. Information has been summarised from literature in different languages that are not readily accessible to the international scientific community. Human dirofilariasis was first registered in Russia in 1915, and recent reports showed that the total number of infected humans increases on average by 1.8 times every three years. Human dirofilariasis was registered in 42 federal subjects. Totally 1162 cases of subcutaneous dirofilariasis were registered in the Russian Federation between 1915-2013, the most frequently type of subcutanious dirofilariasis was ocular dirofilariasis (more than 50% cases). Seven cases of pulmonary dirofilarisis were registered in Russia. The treatment of human dirofilariasis includes surgical removal of worms only; in result preventive measure have major importance for reducing risk of Dirofilaria infection. Control programmes have been implemented by the government at all administrative levels including diagnosis and treatment of patients, identification, isolation, and treatment of infected dogs, monthly chemoprophylactic of dogs during spring-summer periods, and regular vector control.

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Human subcutaneous/ocular dirofilariasis in the Russian Federation and Belarus, 1997–2013

Abstract: Alternative sources to the scientific literature could be necessary to assess the epidemiological situation regarding HSOD in some areas where it has become an emerging condition. There is an urgent need for uniform criteria for reporting and retrieving human cases of dirofilariasis.

Cited by 25 publications

References 5 publications

The Complexity of Zoonotic Filariasis Episystem and Its Consequences: A Multidisciplinary View

The Complexity of Zoonotic Filariasis Episystem and Its Consequences: A Multidisciplinary View

Circulation of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in Moldova

Dirofilariasis in Russian Federation: a big problem with large distribution

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