Human Vibrio vulnificus infections and environmental isolates in the Netherlands

Veenstra, J.; Rietra, P. J. G. M.; Coster, J. M.; Stoutenbeek, C. P.; Laak, E. A. ter; Haenen, O.L.M.; Gier, H. H. W. de; Dirks-Go, S.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.1993.tb00834.x

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus strains have been isolated from seawater samples and from brackish inshore water collected along the Dutch, the Belgian and the British coasts and a seasonal effect in their occurrence has been demonstrated [3][4][5]. In the summer of 1991 we isolated V. vulnificus in seawater from 3 of 11 sampling sites along the coast of The Netherlands [6]. The purpose of this study was to obtain more data concerning the seasonal variations of the occurrence of V. vulnificus along the Dutch coast in relation to water temperature and salinity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Seasonal variations in the occurrence of Vibriovulnificusalong the Dutch coast

et al. 1994

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SUMMARYThe seasonal variation in the occurrence of V. vulnificus in relation to water temperature and salinity was studied along the Dutch coast. In two consecutive years V. vulnificus strains could be isolated in August when the water temperature was highest. The indole-positive strains isolated from North Sea water samples were identical to most strains isolated from human disease and from the environment. However, strains isolated from four of five patients living in countries around the North Sea were different from the North Sea isolates in that they were indole-negative and have a lower NaCl tolerance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Seasonal variations in the occurrence of Vibriovulnificusalong the Dutch coast

et al. 1994

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“…Previous reports on V. vulnificus contact zoonosis in the Netherlands (Veenstra et al 1992(Veenstra et al , 1993b) described a patient with injured hands being infected with V. vulnificus after cleaning eels caught in a river. The isolated V. vulnificus strain biochemically resembled that of a V. vulnificus isolate from severely diseased eels in a Dutch seawater fish farm in 1987 (E. Liewes unpubl.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Netherlands, Vibrio vulnificus biotype 1 has been isolated from marine coastal water samples (Veenstra et al 1993b(Veenstra et al , 1994 and biotype 2 from humans with severe systemic infections (Veenstra et al 1992, 1993a,b, Dijkstra et al 2009). Previous reports on V. vulnificus contact zoonosis in the Netherlands (Veenstra et al 1992(Veenstra et al , 1993b) described a patient with injured hands being infected with V. vulnificus after cleaning eels caught in a river.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibrio vulnificus outbreaks in Dutch eel farms since 1996: strain diversity and impact

Haenen

Zanten²,

Jansen³

et al. 2014

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Vibrio vulnificus is a potentially zoonotic bacterial pathogen of fish, which can infect humans (causing necrotic fasciitis). We analysed 24 V. vulnificus isolates (from 23 severe eel disease outbreaks in 8 Dutch eel farms during 1996 to 2009, and 1 clinical strain from an eel farmer) for genetic correlation and zoonotic potential. Strains were typed using biotyping and molecular typing by high-throughput multilocus sequence typing (hiMLST) and REP-PCR (Diversilab ® ). We identified 19 strains of biotype 1 and 5 of biotype 2 (4 from eels, 1 from the eel farmer), that were subdivided into 8 MLST types (ST) according to the international standard method. This is the first report of V. vulnificus biotype 1 outbreaks in Dutch eel farms. Seven of the 8 STs, of unknown zoonotic potential, were newly identified and were deposited in the MLST database. The REP-PCR and the MLST were highly concordant, indicating that the REP-PCR is a useful alternative for MLST. The strains isolated from the farmer and his eels were ST 112, a known potential zoonotic strain. Antimicrobial resistance to cefoxitin was found in most of the V. vulnificus strains, and an increasing resistance to quinolones, trimethoprim + sulphonamide and tetracycline was found over time in strain ST 140. Virulence testing of isolates from diseased eels is recommended, and medical practitioners should be informed about the potential risk of zoonotic infections by V. vulnificus from eels for the prevention of infection especially among high-risk individuals. Additional use of molecular typing methods such as hiMLST and Diversilab ® is recommended for epidemiological purposes during V. vulnificus outbreaks.

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“…Vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic bacterium from tropical and warm brackish waters with pathogenic potential for humans and aquatic animals (1,8,14,17,23,38,43,45,46,47). The species is currently subdivided into three biotypes (14,45), with biotype 2 being recognized worldwide as an eel pathogen.…”

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“…Serovar E corresponds to the original isolates that gave rise to the subdivision of the species into biotypes (45). This serovar is the only one that is related to sporadic human infections as well as epizootics or outbreaks with high mortality in eel farms (1,9,10,11,17,47). Eels were the vehicle for transmission to humans in at least four clinical cases (zoonoses) (17,47).…”

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Protocol for Specific Isolation of Virulent Strains of Vibrio vulnificus Serovar E (Biotype 2) from Environmental Samples

Sanjuán

Amaro

2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The eel pathogen Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 comprises at least three serovars, with serovar E being the only one involved in both epizootics of eel vibriosis and sporadic cases of human infections. The virulent strains of this serovar (VSE) have only been recovered from clinical (mainly eel tissue) sources. The main objective of this work was to design and validate a new protocol for VSE-specific isolation from environmental samples. The key element of the new protocol is the broth used for the first step (saline eel serum broth [SEB]), which contains eel serum as a nutritive and selective component. This approach takes advantage of the ability of VSE cells to grow in eel serum and thus to separate themselves from the pool of competitors. The growth yield in SEB after 8 h of incubation was 1,000 times higher for VSE strains than for their putative competitors (including biotype 1 strains of the species). The selective and differential agar Vibrio vulnificus medium (VVM) was selected from five selective media for the second step because it gave the highest plating efficiency not only for the VSE group but also for other V. vulnificus groups, including biotype 3. The entire protocol was validated by field studies, with alkaline peptone water plus VVM as a control. V. vulnificus was isolated by both protocols, but serovar E was only recovered by the new method described here. All selected serovar E isolates were identified as VSE since they were virulent for both eels and iron-overloaded mice and resisted the bactericidal action of eel and iron-overloaded human sera. In conclusion, this new protocol is a suitable method for the isolation of VSE strains from environmental samples and is recommended for epidemiological studies of the pathogenic serovar E.

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Human Vibrio vulnificus infections and environmental isolates in the Netherlands

Cited by 13 publications

References 12 publications

Seasonal variations in the occurrence of Vibriovulnificusalong the Dutch coast

Seasonal variations in the occurrence of Vibriovulnificusalong the Dutch coast

Vibrio vulnificus outbreaks in Dutch eel farms since 1996: strain diversity and impact

Protocol for Specific Isolation of Virulent Strains of Vibrio vulnificus Serovar E (Biotype 2) from Environmental Samples

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