Humanitarian crisis in Sudan: the collapsed health system threats the public and global health

Rift Valley fever and malaria co‐infection: A case report

“…Several outbreaks of vector‐borne diseases including malaria, 17 CCHF, 11 chikungunya, 10 dengue, 31 RVF, 1 leishmaniasis, 16 and other zoonotic emerging infectious diseases such as cholera, 40 COVID‐19, 41 and hepatitis E 15 were reported in Sudan. These outbreaks were associated with climate change and sudden forcible displacement of human and animals populations as well as international travel and unplanned urbanization 25 …”

“…Considering the lack of effective treatment and zoonotic nature of arboviral diseases, their prevention and control rely on the implementation of a transdisciplinary One Health strategy 13,42 including the integration of diseases control programs, 43 enhanced surveillance and control of diseases vectors, 18,43,44 improving the water sanitation and hygiene, 45 and the use of vaccines 40,46 . More importantly, stakeholders of health, humanitarian, and development sectors should invest more on long‐term and comprehensive solutions including restoring peace and social construction, improving living conditions, implementing adaptation and mitigation plan for climate change 25 . Such investment will be more rewarding and cost‐effective in the long‐term and will greatly contribute in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.…”

“…These outbreaks were associated with climate change and sudden forcible displacement of human and animals populations as well as international travel and unplanned urbanization. 25 Considering the lack of effective treatment and zoonotic nature of arboviral diseases, their prevention and control rely on the implementation of a transdisciplinary One Health strategy 13,42 including the integration of diseases control programs, 43 enhanced surveillance and control of diseases vectors, 18,43,44 improving the water sanitation and hygiene, 45 and the use of vaccines. 40,46 More importantly, stakeholders of health, humanitarian, and development sectors should invest more on long-term and comprehensive solutions including restoring peace and social construction, improving living conditions, implementing adaptation and mitigation plan for climate change.…”

“…10,[18][19][20][21] Studies have suggested that the major risk factors that drive this upsurge in the burden and outbreaks of infectious diseases and rapid spread of invasive diseases vectors include climate change, armed-conflicts and the growing size of population living in humanitarian crisis, globalization, and unplanned urbanization. 1,13,[22][23][24][25][26][27] These risk factors increase the dynamic and the interactions of different populations of human and animals substantially, this in turn magnifies the occurrence of spill over and pathogens sharing events across the different species of diseases-susceptible hosts. 28 Despite the frequent outbreaks of arboviral diseases in Sudan, still there is a huge gap in the local knowledge about the epidemiology, pathology, and the clinical presentation and outcome of patients, particularly in cases of co-infection.…”

“…Additionally, there is rapidly growing evidence about the emergence and spread of invasive diseases vectors in the region including Sudan 10,18–21 . Studies have suggested that the major risk factors that drive this upsurge in the burden and outbreaks of infectious diseases and rapid spread of invasive diseases vectors include climate change, armed‐conflicts and the growing size of population living in humanitarian crisis, globalization, and unplanned urbanization 1,13,22–27 . These risk factors increase the dynamic and the interactions of different populations of human and animals substantially, this in turn magnifies the occurrence of spill over and pathogens sharing events across the different species of diseases‐susceptible hosts 28 …”