Humeral Retroversion and Its Relationship to Glenohumeral Rotation in the Shoulder of College Baseball Players

Reagan, K M; Meister, Keith; Horodyski, Mary Beth; Werner, Dave W; Carruthers, Cathy; Wilk, Kevin E.

doi:10.1177/03635465020300030901

Cited by 359 publications

(421 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Bony as well as soft tissue adaptations in response to many years of playing soccer may be responsible for this increased FNA in our subjects. This may be comparable to the adaptive changes of humeral head retroversion in throwing athletes observed over time [19][20][21].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

A Musculoskeletal Profile of Elite Female Soccer Players

Chiaia

Maschi

Stuhr

et al. 2009

HSS Journal®: The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Speci

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The purpose of this study is to identify lowerextremity (LE) musculoskeletal characteristics of elite female soccer players and to determine whether differences between dominant and nondominant extremities exist with respect to strength, flexibility, and range of motion. Physical data were collected from 26 female professional soccer players. Core control, hip and knee passive range of motion (PROM), LE flexibility, hip abductor strength, and dynamic functional alignment were assessed for each LE. Of 26 subjects, 21 scored 2/5 or less on core control. Mean hip internal rotation and external rotation were 33°(±8°) and 25°(±6.7°), respectively. All subjects had shortened twojoint hip flexors with an average knee flexion angle of 50°( ±11°) and increased femoral anteversion. Forty one of 48 dominant limbs and 42 of 48 nondominant limbs demonstrated deviations from neutral alignment during step down or single-leg squat. Of 25 subjects, 15 demonstrated a stiffknee landing and/or takeoff. All subjects demonstrated limitations in hip external rotation PROM and hip flexor length. There was no difference between dominant and nondominant LEs in all variables including hip abductor strength. Additional research is needed to determine if there is a correlation between the musculoskeletal characteristics, LE biomechanics, and potential risk for injury.Level of evidence: IV

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

A Musculoskeletal Profile of Elite Female Soccer Players

Chiaia

Maschi

Stuhr

et al. 2009

HSS Journal®: The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Speci

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“…The independent variable was the presence of GIRD (15°o r greater) or absence of appreciable GIRD (14°or less). These cutoffs were chosen based on humeral retroversion studies, which show an average increase of retroversion of 15° [32,35]. The dependent variables were dominant and nondominant scapular upward rotation (measured at rest, 60°, 90°, and 120°glenohumeral abduction) and dominant and nondominant scapular protraction (measured at rest, with hands on hips, and 90°glenohumeral abduction).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is thought that a thicker posterior capsule would have increased structural stiffness, thereby limiting internal rotation [5,6,31,39]. Finally, others believe both are caused by an increase of humeral retroversion [8,32,33,35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal Rotation Deficits Affect Scapular Positioning in Baseball Players

Thomas

Swanik

et al. 2010

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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Background Anecdotal evidence suggests an association between glenohumeral internal rotation deficits (GIRD) and scapular dysfunction, an observable alteration in the normal position or motion of the scapula in relation to the thoracic cage. Questions/purposes We therefore hypothesized players with GIRD (15°or greater) will have decreased dominant arm scapular upward rotation and increased scapular protraction compared with baseball players with GIRD (14°or less). Methods We studied 43 baseball players with no current shoulder or elbow symptoms; 22 had GIRD 15°or greater and 21 had GIRD 14°or less. We measured glenohumeral internal rotation supine with the scapula stabilized. Scapular upward rotation was tested at rest; 60°, 90°, and 120°a bduction in the scapular plane; and scapular protraction at 0°, hands on hips, and 90°abduction in the scapular plane.

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“…25 As a result of greater repetitive stress being placed on one shoulder compared to the other, athletes who participate in overhead sports such as baseball and tennis display different glenohumeral joint rotation range of motion (ROM) between their throwing and nonthrowing upper extremities. [2][3][4][5]8,9,15,22,23,28,34 Many researchers have focused on the decreased shoulder internal rotation found in the stroke arm of highly skilled tennis players when compared to the nonstroke arm. 8,9,15,22 Within this population the loss of internal rotation seems to be progressive and is associated with increasing age and number of years of tournament play.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%