“…Mining of sulfidic ore can generate acid mine drainage (AMD) containing high concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn, and other potentially toxic metals (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn; Moore & Luoma, 1990), all of which can impair aquatic ecosystems (DeNicola & Stapleton, 2002). Toxicity-modifying factors (e.g., pH, alkalinity, and dissolved organic carbon [DOC] concentration) can account for variations in aquatic metal toxicity (e.g., Fulton & Meyer, 2014), particularly in waters impacted by AMD (Holland et al, 2013(Holland et al, , 2014a(Holland et al, , 2014b(Holland et al, , 2014cSoucek et al, 2000). Tools such as the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) and extensions of the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (e.g., WHAM-F TOX ) have been developed to predict the effect of water composition on the aquatic toxicity of cationic metals (Tipping & Lofts, 2013).…”