Humidity transforms immobile surface charges into mobile charges during triboelectric charging

Gil, Phwey S.; Lacks, Daniel J.

doi:10.1039/c9cp02398d

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…For example, it was reported that the water film could transform immobile surface charges into mobile charges, which can act as charge carriers. 25 Second, the adsorbed water film on the dielectric surface could shield the surface potential during the KFM measurement, leading to the measured surface potential signal being lower than the true surface potential. 40 We argue that the role of the water film on the charge transfer in a metal−dielectric case could not be explained merely by those mechanisms.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it was found that water molecules could transform immobile surface charges into mobile charges during triboelectric charging. 25 For example, [H(H2O) n ] + and [OH(H2O) n ] − ions and other less common species can enable the conduction. 32 Thus, the water layer can alter the surface conductivity by introducing an additional conducting path through the water film.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Baytekin et al 24 investigated the contact electrification in a water-free environment and found that the presence of water is not critical for contact electrification to occur. Gil and Lacks 25 proposed a mechanism that bond breaks in humidity can generate H + and OH − charge carriers for triboelectric charging, and this mechanism, combined with other mechanisms, could drive the triboelectric charging.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental and Simulation Investigation of the Nanoscale Charge Diffusion Process on a Dielectric Surface: Effects of Relative Humidity

Bai

Riet

et al. 2021

J. Phys. Chem. C

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Electrostatic charge generation and diffusion on the nanoscale were studied by atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe microscopy. The charge diffusion coefficients were obtained by matching experimental results with numerical solutions of the diffusion equation. The results found that the relative humidity variations could significantly alter both the charge generation and diffusion processes. For the charge generation, the increase in relative humidity led to a decrease in transferred charge amount between the contact surfaces owing to the presence of the absorbed water film on the tip–sample interface. For the charge diffusion, the increase in relative humidity could accelerate the charge diffusion process laterally, and the diffusion coefficient of higher relative humidity was 3–5 orders of magnitude larger than those under dry air and N2. It was proved that the charge diffusion process for the positive charge was not necessarily faster than that for the negative one. In addition, the contribution from atmospheric water molecules to the surface charge diffusion was distinguished from that of absorbed water films by calculating the net loss of surface charge, and this effect was found to be more obvious under higher relative humidity. The dominant mechanism for the charge diffusion was discussed, and we argued that the relative humidity could be the main reason, and probably the only reason, for the charge diffusion and decay on the dielectric surfaces.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental and Simulation Investigation of the Nanoscale Charge Diffusion Process on a Dielectric Surface: Effects of Relative Humidity

Bai

Riet

et al. 2021

J. Phys. Chem. C

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“…106,107 It was also suggested that water ions induced from mechanoions could be the charge carriers due to their energetic preferences. 108 Many studies have claimed that mechanoions and mechanoradicals make major contributions to the triboelectrification. 109 In simultaneous KPFM and MFM measurements on a contact-electrified surface, the generation sites of mechanoradicals and mechanoions were identical (Figure 9c).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Triboelectricitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of a magnetic signal from a mechanoradical on a rubbed or fractured polymer sample has been the subject of some research, leading to the identification of the molecular structure by resolving the corresponding EPR spectrum . Moreover, because both mechanoions and mechanoradicals are energetically active species, various chemical reactions can be driven, such as surface copolymerization and hydrogen peroxide generation from water. , It was also suggested that water ions induced from mechanoions could be the charge carriers due to their energetic preferences …”

Section: Mechanism Of Triboelectricitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Triboelectric Nanogenerator: Structure, Mechanism, and Applications

et al. 2021

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With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of sensors utilized for the IoT is expected to exceed 200 billion by 2025. Thus, sustainable energy supplies without the recharging and replacement of the charge storage device have become increasingly important. Among various energy harvesters, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has attracted considerable attention due to its high instantaneous output power, broad selection of available materials, eco-friendly and inexpensive fabrication process, and various working modes customized for target applications. The TENG harvests electrical energy from wasted mechanical energy in the ambient environment. Three types of operational modes based on contact-separation, sliding, and freestanding are reviewed for two different configurations with a double-electrode and a single-electrode structure in the TENGs. Various charge transfer mechanisms to explain the operational principles of TENGs during triboelectrification are also reviewed for electron, ion, and material transfers. Thereafter, diverse methodologies to enhance the output power considering the energy harvesting efficiency and energy transferring efficiency are surveyed. Moreover, approaches involving not only energy harvesting by a TENG but also energy storage by a charge storage device are also reviewed. Finally, a variety of applications with TENGs are introduced. This review can help to advance TENGs for use in self-powered sensors, energy harvesters, and other systems. It can also contribute to assisting with more comprehensive and rational designs of TENGs for various applications.

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Spontaneous Mosaics of Charge Formed by Liquid Evaporation

Moreira

Lermen

Campo

et al. 2020

Adv Materials Inter

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Electrostatics is an old area of scientific research that over the years lagged behind most other areas of natural sciences. [1] Despite the great technological advances, even most basic questions like "what causes surfaces to charge?" or "how do dielectrics transfer charge?" are still matter of debate. [1c] This is also contemplated by the persistent controversy regarding the negative potential displayed by hydrophobic surfaces in contact with water, [2] which is revisited from time to time. [3] In fact, this widespread lack of understanding is responsible for triggering many industrial accidents, it costs billions of dollars to the electronic industry and restricts the appropriate development of important electrostatic technologies. [3e] For most systems, the outcome of contacting surfaces, in thermodynamic equilibrium or not, it is a net charge. In fact, electrified solid and liquid substances are easily formed either in natural or anthropic environments. Everyday activities or

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Humidity transforms immobile surface charges into mobile charges during triboelectric charging

Abstract: Ionic material fragments created by contact stress will react with water to create ions that can transfer between surfaces.

Cited by 16 publications

References 34 publications

Experimental and Simulation Investigation of the Nanoscale Charge Diffusion Process on a Dielectric Surface: Effects of Relative Humidity

Experimental and Simulation Investigation of the Nanoscale Charge Diffusion Process on a Dielectric Surface: Effects of Relative Humidity

Triboelectric Nanogenerator: Structure, Mechanism, and Applications

Spontaneous Mosaics of Charge Formed by Liquid Evaporation

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