Humoral and cellular immune memory to four COVID-19 vaccines

Zhang, Zeli; Mateus, José; Coelho, Camila H.; Dan, Jennifer M.; Moderbacher, Carolyn Rydyznski; Gálvez, Rosa Isela; Cortes, Fernanda H.; Grifoni, Alba; Tarke, Alison; Chang, James; Escarrega, E. Alexandar; Kim, Christina; Goodwin, Benjamin; Bloom, Nathaniel I.; Frazier, April; Weiskopf, Daniela; Sette, Alessandro; Crotty, Shane

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.022

Cited by 400 publications

(383 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The combined Moderna and Pfizer cohorts experienced a ≥18-fold, ≥13-fold, ≥17-fold and ≥23-fold GMT reductions against BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/5 S VSV, respectively. A similar trend was observed for plasma from individuals that received two doses of Novavax NVX-CoV2373 ( 44 ) in a double-blinded manner, although we note that these plasma samples were not obtained at peak titers due to the design of the clinical trial (figs. S6 and S7).…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

Omicron spike function and neutralizing activity elicited by a comprehensive panel of vaccines

Bowen

Addetia

Dang

et al. 2022

Science

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The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern comprises several sublineages with BA.2 and BA.2.12.1 having replaced the previously dominant BA.1, and BA.4 and BA.5 increasing in prevalence worldwide. We show that the large number of Omicron sublineage spike mutations lead to enhanced ACE2 binding, reduced fusogenicity, and severe dampening of plasma neutralizing activity elicited by infection or seven clinical vaccines relative to the ancestral virus. Administration of a homologous or heterologous booster based on the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike sequence markedly increased neutralizing antibody titers and breadth against BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/5 across all vaccines evaluated. Our data suggest that although Omicron sublineages evade polyclonal neutralizing antibody responses elicited by primary vaccine series, vaccine boosters may provide sufficient protection against Omicron-induced severe disease.

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supporting

confidence: 75%

Omicron spike function and neutralizing activity elicited by a comprehensive panel of vaccines

Bowen

Addetia

Dang

et al. 2022

Science

Self Cite

170

161

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“…An interesting comparative study evaluated the phenotypes of immunologic memory 6 months after vaccination by the BNT162b2 Pfizer, mRNA-1273 Moderna, Ad26.COV2.S Janssen, and NVX-CoV2373 Novavax vaccines. At 6 months after vaccination, although the mRNA vaccines featured significant reductions in antibody titers, T-cell and B-cell memory responses remained stable with 100% of individuals being positive for CD4+ memory T-cells [21].…”

Section: T-cell Contributions To Resolution Of Sars-cov-2 Infection A...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding COVID-19 Vaccines Today: Are T-cells Key Players?

et al. 2022

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has heavily mutated since the beginning of the coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this regard, the so-called variants of concern (VOCs) feature mutations that confer increased transmissibility and evasion of antibody responses. The VOCs have caused significant spikes in COVID-19 cases, raising significant concerns about whether COVID-19 vaccines will protect against current and future variants. In this context, whereas the protection COVID-19 vaccines offer against the acquisition of infection appears compromised, the protection against severe COVID-19 is maintained. From an immunologic standpoint, this is likely underpinned by the maintenance of T-cell responses against VOCs. Therefore, the role of T-cells is essential to understanding the broader adaptive immune response to COVID-19, which has the potential to shape public policies on vaccine protocols and inform future vaccine design. In this review, we survey the literature on the immunology of T-cell responses upon SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with the current FDA-approved and Emergency Use Authorized COVID-19 vaccines.

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“…However, the same antibodies might also contribute to an increased risk of antibody-mediated enhancement upon exposure to the virus [ 67 , 68 ]. While some research supports the generation of memory responses [ 69 , 70 ], the overwhelming majority shows a waning immunity, leading manufacturers and regulatory agencies to recommend frequent booster shots [ 71 ]. The need for continuous boosters targeting earlier variants also argues that the vaccines do not induce long-lasting memory responses or that natural infections cannot reactivate them for unknown reasons.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Vaccines and Herd Immunity—a Fictional Romancementioning

confidence: 99%