Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Vector, Mix-and-Match, or mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the Relationship between the Two Immune Responses

Nam, Minjeong; Yun, Seung Gyu; Kim, Sang–Wook; Kim, Chris Gunwoo; Hyun, Jin Hai; Lee, Cheonghwa; Kang, Seunghyuk; Park, Seul Gi; Kim, Sun Bean; Lee, Ki-Byung; Chung, Youseung; Nam, Mi Hyun; Lee, Chang Kyu; Cho, Yunjung

doi:10.1128/spectrum.02495-21

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…sVNT is a commercially available assay and showed a good correlation with the gold-standard method and the nAb titer [9,27]. However, the TA values and correlation results were very different depending on the RBD assay platform, the number of vaccinations, and vaccine type [4,5]. In this study, the RBD Ab assays and nAb assay showed moderate to strong agreement (kappa 0.76-0.83), and correlation coe cients were strong to very strong (ρ = 0.88-0.94).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaccination is the safest and most effective tool to control the pandemic. The population acquires humoral or cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 through vaccination [2][3][4]. The immune response can be assessed by several tests including SARS-CoV-2 antibody binding assay (Ab assay), SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody assay (nAb assay), and interferon-gamma release assay (IGR assay) (3,4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance evaluation of three antibody binding assays, a neutralizing antibody assay, and an interferon-gamma release assay for SARS-CoV-2 according to vaccine type in vaccinated group

Nam¹,

Hyun

Kim

et al. 2023

Preprint

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We evaluated the performance of SARS-CoV-2 assays in the vaccinated group using receptor-binding domain antibody assays (RBD Ab assay), neutralizing antibody assay (nAb assay), and interferon-gamma release assay (IGR assay). We also compared the performance of the SARS-CoV-2 assays based on vaccine type in a large population. We collected 1,851 samples from vaccinated individuals with vector, mix-and-match (MM), and mRNA vaccines. The performance of the RBD Ab assays was assessed by SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant (Abbott Laboratories, Sligo, Ireland), SARS-CoV-2 IgG (Beckman Coulter, CA, USA), and anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The nAb assay was assessed by cPass SARS-CoV-2 neutralization antibody detection kits (GenScript, NJ, USA). The IGR assay was assessed by QuantiFERON (Qiagen, Venlo, The Netherlands). Median values of the RBD Ab assays and nAb assay sequentially increased after the 1st and 2nd vaccinations. RBD Ab assays and nAb assay showed very strong correlations. The median values of the RBD Ab, nAb, and IGR were higher in the mRNA vaccine group than in the vector and MM vaccine groups. The agreement and correlation among the RBD Ab assays, nAb assay, and IGR assay were higher in the mRNA vaccine group than in the vector and MM vaccine groups. We compared the performance of the RBD Ab assay, nAb assay, and IGR assay based on the vaccine types using the RBD Ab, nAb, and IGR assays. This study provides a better understanding of the assessment of humoral and cellular immune responses after vaccination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance evaluation of three antibody binding assays, a neutralizing antibody assay, and an interferon-gamma release assay for SARS-CoV-2 according to vaccine type in vaccinated group

Nam¹,

Hyun

Kim

et al. 2023

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It remains to be analyzed in more detail whether or not these sex-specific differences in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination may be also important to understand better our key findings. Sex-dependent effects of either infection or vaccination with regard to the humoral and cellular responses have been reported [ 25 ]. Sex can affect the innate and adaptive immune system responses, predisposition to autoimmunity, and vaccine efficacy [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outliers Matter—Correlation between S1 IgG SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies

Hocher

Schönbrunn²,

Chen

et al. 2022

Microorganisms

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Vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus or infection with SARS-CoV-2 will lead to the development of IgG antibodies against the S1 protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, even despite having high levels of IgG antibodies against the S1 protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, (re-)infection may occur. We thus examined 2994 consecutive blood samples of outpatients from the Berlin-Brandenburg area in Germany in which IgG antibodies against the S1 protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 virus antibodies were determined from the same sample. When analyzing the entire study population (2994 outpatients), we saw that S1 IgG antibodies (women: 223.98 ± 3.81; men: 207.80 ± 4.59; p = 0.014) and neutralizing antibodies (women: 66.65 ± 0.82; men: 62.88 ± 1.01; p = 0.021) are slightly higher in women than in men. Curve fitting revealed a good non-linear relationship between S1 IgG and neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. However, 51 out of the 2994 blood samples from individual subjects were positive with regard to the neutralizing antibodies and at the same time negative for S1 IgG antibodies, and 112 out of the 2994 blood samples from individual subjects were negative with regard to the neutralizing antibodies and at the same time positive for S1 IgG antibodies. In conclusion, our study shows that there is a relevant number of patients who, despite developing significant titers of S1 antibodies, do not have relevant amounts of neutralizing antibody titers and are probably at high risk of (re-)infection.

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“…According to the study written by Nan et al (2022) whose title is Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Vector, Mix-and-Match, or mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the Relationship between the Two Immune Responses, there were differences in immune response induced after mix-match vaccination depending on sex or age of each individual. According to this article, the mixed match of mRNA vaccine induced a robust immune response [38].…”

Section: Written By Myself (2019) Whose Title Is Shoulder and Elbow T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In case report five, he used CoronaVac, Pfizer, and Astra-Zeneca. All articles that we have in the literature are studying the propensity of cancer patients to acquire COVID-19 and the necessity of vaccinating this group of patients [38].…”

Section: Written By Myself (2019) Whose Title Is Shoulder and Elbow T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2023

IJCRT

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There are several articles in the literature after the COVID-19 pandemic showing the necessity of vaccinating people who have a cancer diagnosis to prevent this disease in this group of patients. But what I want to report in this article is that I am facing an increasing number of cases of patients with cancer after receiving COVID-19 vaccines and this is what I want todescribe in this study, using the thoughts of Hippocrates (460 bce -375 bce), the father of medicine, that said that "it is more important to consider other ancient medical traditions prior to the knowledge we have nowadays".The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that there are cases of patients with cancer diagnosed after receiving two, three or four doses of the COVID-19 vaccine and I will describe which are the risk factors that these patients are having in the energy level that could induce more propensity to have cancer when using this kind of vaccine.Methods: Five case reports of 71,40,76, 55, and 75 years old with diagnoses of colon cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer, and gastric cancer in the last two patients respectively days and months after receiving the second, third and fourth doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. Results:The five patients had in common an energy deficiency inside the five internal massive organs (Liver, Heart, Spleen, Lungs, and Kidney) according to the Five Elements theory of traditional Chinese medicine. According to this theory, all disease comes from the energy alterations between these five organs and cancer comes from energy deficiency inside these organs and the formation of internal Fire. The use of any kind of highly concentrated medication or highly concentrated vaccine would reduce even more these energies, according to Arndt-Schultz-Law, created in 1888 by two German researchers, and could reduce this vital energy, which was proven very low in all these patients reported, increasing the chance to have cancer.The conclusion of this study is that patients that are developing cancer after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine have in common, energy deficiency inside the five internal massive organs (and these alterations are the factors to induce cancer formation according to traditional Chinese medicine) and the use of this kind of vaccine has the potential to reduce even more the vital energy of the patient which is already very low and leading to a weakness state of the immune system and increasing the chance to have any kind of chronic diseases, in this case, cancer.

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Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Vector, Mix-and-Match, or mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and the Relationship between the Two Immune Responses

Cited by 15 publications

References 37 publications

Performance evaluation of three antibody binding assays, a neutralizing antibody assay, and an interferon-gamma release assay for SARS-CoV-2 according to vaccine type in vaccinated group

Performance evaluation of three antibody binding assays, a neutralizing antibody assay, and an interferon-gamma release assay for SARS-CoV-2 according to vaccine type in vaccinated group

Outliers Matter—Correlation between S1 IgG SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies

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