BACKGROUND Central immune effector functions, e.g., the development of long-term immunological memory, homing to target tissues and effective immune-surveillance are, in part, determined by metabolic programming, which plays a role not only in cellular physiology yet also in immunopathology (Shehata et al., 2017; Gardiner, 2019). A better understanding of the dynamic role of metabolic programming may devise new ways of targeted therapeutic intervention(s). Preclinical and clinical studies in patients with non-communicable diseases link metabolic cellular impairment with immune dysfunction (Hotamisligil, 2017). A shift in metabolite requirement appears to govern the nature and dynamics of the immune response in the host-largely involving glucose or lipids and