Humoral Innate Immune Effector Responses

Targeting dendritic cells with TLR-2 ligand–coated nanoparticles loaded with Mycobacterium tuberculosis epitope induce antituberculosis immunity

“…Extracellular antigens engulfed by DCs follow the exogenous pathway of antigen processing and presentation to activate CD4 T cells in context with MHC II molecules ( 36 ). The phagocytosed antigen traverses to lysosomes, where the peptide is loaded onto the MHC II molecules for display on the surface of the APCs for presentation to T cells.…”

The Role of DAMPS in Burns and Hemorrhagic Shock Immune Response: Pathophysiology and Clinical Issues. Review

“…In trauma, the systemic inflammatory response to severe injury begins immediately after trauma damages the tissues and involves complex interactions across the hemostatic, inflammatory, endocrine, and neurological systems [12,13,46]. In both burns and trauma, the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is due to an uncontrolled systemic innate immune response caused by the emission of large amounts of molecules called DAMPs [16] or alarmins [19] that circulate systemically and affect the body of the patient [13]. This hyperinflammatory, sepsi-like SIRS is a severe, life-threatening condition, associated with multiple organ failure (MOF) or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) [13].…”

“…These processes are believed to occur simultaneously rather than sequentially, as was thought until a few years ago [12,13]. A slight delay between initial hyperinflammation and the following hyper-resolution is likely to be present, due to the production of suppressing/inhibiting inducible DAMPs (SAMPs) by DAMPs-activated/initialized responses of innate immune cells [9,12,13,15,16].…”