Humoral response following russell's viper (Daboia russelli siamensis) bites in myanmar

Systematic Review of Human Poisoning and Toxic Exposures in Myanmar

“…Demographic data suggests that men are affected by snakebite at higher rates than women [23][24][25]30], with snakebites cases observed between 50% more [21] to over three-and-a-half times more [28] in men than in women. Data on the age of those who experience terrestrial snakebites indicates that the median age of snakebite victims fall between approximately 27 and 33 years [24,25,27,30]. Literature on sea snake bites in Myanmar also suggests that the majority of those bitten were men, accounting for upwards of 95% of study participants and observed cases [31,33,34].…”

“…Incidence spikes again between October and January, during which ploughing activities are undertaken [21,22,24,26,30,35]. As a result, the majority of terrestrial bites occurred during the day [24,25,32,35]. Farmers have indicated that they know boots are an effective preventative measure, but find them costly, too hot to work in, and slow their work by sticking in the mud [22].…”

“…The vast majority of terrestrial snake bites were attributed to the Russel Viper [22,23,25,27,28,35], with bites resulting from Cobras [22,23,27,28,35] or Green Pit Vipers Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 26 January 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0537.v1 [23,27,28,35] also fairly common, alongside a low level of bites from other species [22,23,35].…”

“…The acute symptoms that developed following a terrestrial snake bite differed between species, but reported symptoms included pain [23,25], vomiting [23,25], nausea [23], localised swelling [23], acute kidney injury [23,28], necrosis [25], lymphadenopathy [23],…”

“…Yet, participants were approximately ten times more likely to report neurological symptoms than they were bleeding [20,21]. Studies in which death from a terrestrial snake was recorded as an outcome found between approximately 4.6% and 9.8% of snake bites result in fatality [21,23,25,27,35]. Evidence suggests that development of acute kidney injury is positively associated with risk of death [28,30].…”