Hungary's Electronic Signature Act: Enhancing economic development with Secure Electronic Commerce transactions

Blythe, Stephen E.

doi:10.1080/13600830701194711

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Id The moderate position adopted by Singapore has now become the progressive trend in international electronic signature law. The hybrid approach is the one taken by the EuropeanUnion, 48 Armenia, 49 Azerbaijan 50 Bulgaria, 51 China 52 Colombia, 53 Croatia, 54 Dubai, 55 Finland, 56 Hong Kong, 57 Hungary, 58 Iran, 59 Japan, 60 Lithuania, 61 Pakistan, 62 Per u, 63 Slovenia, 64 South Korea, 65 Taiwan, 66 Tunisia, 67 the United Arab Emirates, 68 Vanuatu 69 and in the proposed statutes of Uganda. 70…”

Section: Three Generations Of Electronic Signature Lawmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cambodia’s New Digital Signature, E-Commerce and Consumer Protection Laws: Key Components of a Bold Strategy for Dramatic Future Economic Growth

Blythe

2021

ijsspp

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Cambodia has a bold new strategy to stimulate E-commerce and to grow the economy. The Digital Signature (DSL), Consumer Protection (CPL), and E-Commerce Laws (ECL) are important components of that strategy. The DSL provides for licensing of certifying authorities and does not prohibit other types of E-signatures. The CPL prohibits deceptive advertising and creates a consumer complaint procedure. The ECL recognizes the legal validity of secure E-documents and E-signatures, including as evidence in a court of law. The ECL states requirements of secure E-signatures and secure E-documents; E-contract rules; rules for liability of internet service providers and E-sellers; E-government provisions; E-payments services rules; and computer crimes. The ECL should be improved by: (a) recognizing electronic wills, powers of attorney, and real estate documents; (b) adding attribution rules and acknowledge receipt rules for E-contracts; (c) adding mandatory E-government; (d) adding a comprehensive computer crimes law; and (e) adding IT Courts.

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Section: Three Generations Of Electronic Signature Lawmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cambodia’s New Digital Signature, E-Commerce and Consumer Protection Laws: Key Components of a Bold Strategy for Dramatic Future Economic Growth

Blythe

2021

ijsspp

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“…Applied aspects in mobile-based e-signatures [9], using electronic watermarks [10] are good examples of such technology-focused research. Implementation of electronic signature legislation has also spurred multiple papers on local regulatory approaches, e.g., for Hungary [11], China [12], the United States [13], and the European Union including comparative analysis [14].…”

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confidence: 99%

Digital Transformation of Signatures: Suggesting Functional Symmetry Approach for Loan Agreements

et al. 2022

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This article aims to formulate proposals for regulatory bodies whose implementation would ensure the effective introduction of civil circulation into electronic signatures, with minimal costs for economic entities. While electronic signatures have been widely discussed in academic literature, there are still gaps in the understanding of similarities and differences between electronic and handwritten signatures, the functional specifics of the relationship between them, and the role of electronic signatures for electronic contract. Our research has allowed us to overcome this gap adopting a functional symmetry approach based on measuring the distance between fuzzy sets and the Mamdani fuzzy inference algorithm. This made it possible to form an estimate of the degree of functional symmetry between different types of signatures in a fuzzy and exact form. Correspondingly, we argue that the signature can be viewed as a set of procedures rather than as a single act in order to achieve functional symmetry with a handwritten signature. The case of online lending was used to test and prove this hypothesis. Therefore, regulating electronic signatures needs to focus on the efficiency of this processes for ex ante identification, capturing the intent, ensuring the inalterability and providing reliable evidence, irrespective of the type of electronic signature that is used. It was also revealed that the proposed functional symmetry approach can be combined with a fuzziness index analysis to provide new prospects for further research.

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Rangoon Enters the Digital Age: Burma’s Electronic Transactions Law As A Sign of Hope for A Troubled Nation

Blythe¹

2009

IBR

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Since it became independent in 1948, Burma has been plagued with a succession of military dictatorships. The present government refuses to recognize the election of Nobel Peace Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi, and keeps her under house arrest. Nevertheless, the legal foundation of Burma continues to develop, serving as a beacon towards a brighter day for the country. One example is the Electronic Transactions Law ("ETL") of 2004, a solid framework upon which E-commerce and E-government can be built in the future. The ETL recognizes the legal validity of electronic records, messages and signatures. The statute contains a third-generation E-signature law; all forms of electronic signatures are recognized, but a preference is given to the heightened security afforded by the digital signature. Commensurate with that preference, the ETL establishes a compulsory system of licensing of Certification Authorities ("CA"), prescribes detailed rules for them to follow, and assigns the Control Board to oversee their activities. The ETL contains a list of computer crimes, some of which are punishable by 15 years' imprisonment. Is the ETL up-to-date according to current trends in international E-commerce law? Not quite. Recommended amendments are to: (1)increase the potential liability of CA's; (2) recognize the legal validity of electronic wills; (3) add consumer protections; (4) claim "long arm" jurisdiction over foreign parties in E-commerce transactions; (5) compress the ETL's bureaucracy through consolidation of the Central Body and the Control Board; (6) provide for reciprocal recognition of foreign CA's and foreign certificates; and (7) establish informal Information Technology tribunals as a court-of-first-resort for E-commerce disputes.

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Hungary's Electronic Signature Act: Enhancing economic development with Secure Electronic Commerce transactions

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

Cambodia’s New Digital Signature, E-Commerce and Consumer Protection Laws: Key Components of a Bold Strategy for Dramatic Future Economic Growth

Cambodia’s New Digital Signature, E-Commerce and Consumer Protection Laws: Key Components of a Bold Strategy for Dramatic Future Economic Growth

Digital Transformation of Signatures: Suggesting Functional Symmetry Approach for Loan Agreements

Rangoon Enters the Digital Age: Burma’s Electronic Transactions Law As A Sign of Hope for A Troubled Nation

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