Hyalohyphomycoses (Hyaline Moulds)

Torres, Harrys A.; Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6640-7_16

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 250 publications

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“…There are at least 100 Fusarium species, most of which are plant pathogens; only a few species cause human disease. F. solani , F. oxysporum and F. moniliforme account for more than 90% of human infections 45 . Infections in non‐immunocompromised patients are usually localized and related to direct inoculation.…”

Section: Major Opportunistic Mycosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary fungal infections

2012

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This review details some of the advances that have been made in the recent decade in the diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology of pulmonary fungal infections. These advances have occurred because of increasing knowledge regarding the fungal genome, better understanding of the structures of the fungal cell wall and cell membrane and the use of molecular epidemiological techniques. The clinical implications of these advances are more rapid diagnosis and more effective and less toxic antifungal agents. For example, the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, as well as histoplasmosis and blastomycosis, has improved with the use of easily performed antigen detection systems in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Treatment of angioinvasive moulds has improved with the introduction of the new azoles, voriconazole and posaconazole that have broad antifungal activity. Amphotericin B is less frequently used, and when used is often given as lipid formulation to decrease toxicity. The newest agents, the echinocandins, are especially safe as they interfere with the metabolism of the fungal cell wall, a structure not shared with humans cells. Epidemiological advances include the description of the emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in North America and the increase in pulmonary mucormycosis and pneumonia due to Fusarium and Scedosporium species in transplant recipients and patients with haematological malignancies. The emergence of azole resistance among Aspergillus species is especially worrisome and is likely related to increased azole use for treatment of patients, but also to agricultural use of azoles as fungicides in certain countries.

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Section: Major Opportunistic Mycosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary fungal infections

2012

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“…The genus Fusarium comprises ubiquitous environmental molds capable of infecting plants and humans (Zhang et al ., ). Unlike agriculture, where the most economically damaging pathogens are considered to be F. graminearum and F. oxysporum (Dean et al ., ), the species most commonly cited as human pathogens belong to the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), responsible for 50% of reported infections in humans, followed by strains in the FOSC (Torres and Kontoyiannis, ). The FDSC is less frequently reported as causing human disease, but it is similarly capable of causing disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients (Bigley et al ., ; Schroers et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of human pathogenicFusariumspecies in hospital and communal sink biofilms by using a highly specific monoclonal antibody

Al-Maqtoofi

Thornton

2016

Environmental Microbiology

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Summary The fungus Fusarium is well known as a plant pathogen, but has recently emerged as an opportunistic pathogen of humans. Habitats providing direct human exposure to infectious propagules are largely unknown, but there is growing evidence that plumbing systems are sources of human pathogenic strains in the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) and Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC), the most common groups infecting humans. Here, a newly developed Fusarium‐specific monoclonal antibody (mAb ED7) was used to track FSSC and FOSC strains in sink drain biofilms by detecting its target antigen, an extracellular 200 kDa carbohydrate, in saline swabs. The antigen was detectable in 52% of swab samples collected from sinks across a University campus and a tertiary care hospital. The mAb was 100% accurate in detecting FSSC, FOSC, and F. dimerum species complex (FDSC) strains that were present, as mixed fungal communities, in 83% of sink drain biofilms. Specificity of the ELISA was confirmed by sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)‐5.8S‐ITS2 rRNA‐encoding regions of culturable yeasts and molds that were recovered using mycological culture, while translation elongation factor (TEF)‐1α analysis of Fusarium isolates included FSSC 1‐a, FOSC 33, and FDSC ET‐gr, the most common clinical pathotypes in each group.

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“…Etiology More than 100 species of Fusarium have been identified, but only a few cause infections in humans (Alastruey et al, 2008). Fusarium solani (F.solani) is the most frequent cause of invasive disease (in approximately half of all cases), followed by F. oxysporum, F. moniliforme (previously F. verticillioides), and F. proliferatum (Torres et al, 2011). Other species that rarely cause infections in humans include F. dimerum, F. chlamidosporum, F. sacchari, F. antophilum and others.…”

Section: Fusariosismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Candidiasis and Opportunistic Mycosis in Human and Animals

2019

JNSR

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INTRODUCTION CANDIDIOSIS Candida albicans (C. albicans) is part of the normal microbial flora in human beings and domestic animals, and is associated with the mucous surfaces of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and vagina. Immune dysfunction can allow C. albicans to switch from a commensal to a pathogenic organism capable of infecting a variety of tissues and causing a possibly fatal systemic disease (Traynor and Huffnagle, 2001). Mucosal infection is the most usual form of the disease but cutaneous lesions are seen on occasion (Lehmann, 1985). In cattle, as a consequence of the abundant use, and occasional abuse, of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis, there is a selection of flora, mainly members of the genus Candida, that are new etiological agents of these processes, which are initially difficult to diagnose because their presence is not expected. Candidiasis in birds is related to malnutrition and stress, generally produced by the same strains that are found naturally on the food plants of these animals. Arthritis caused by yeasts in horses is relatively frequent as a consequence of contamination of wounds or after surgical treatment. In pigs, candidiasis usually takes the form of digestive alterations in young animals, and is usually related to problems that predispose to the disease, like treatment with antibiotics (Garcia and Blanco, 2000). C. albicans is a common causative agent of stomatitis in the dog (Jadhav and Pal, 2006). Although fungi need pre deponent factors to produce the disease, it is known that saprophytic colonization of the mucous membrane by C. albicans does not need the host to be immune compromised, since it is detected in immune competent individuals (Garcia and Blanco, 2000). Etiology Candidosis is the most common fungal infection of the oral cavity and is caused by an overgrowth of commensal Candida species. Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most commonly isolated species in both health and disease. Less common species include C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and C. kefyr, and more recently, C. dubliniensis (Neville et al., 2002). Host risk factors Endocrine disorders Diabetes mellitus (DM) may increase susceptibility to development of candidal infections owing to immune system aberrations such as impaired opsonization and decreased chemotactic activity of neutrophils and monocytes (van Burik &Magee, 2001). Candida-associated lesions including denture stomatitis, median rhomboid glossitis, and angular cheilitis have been reported to be more prevalent in patients with DM (Guggenheimer et al., 2000). The individuals with DM are more prone to candidal infections, particularly when host resistance is modified due to local factors such as smoking and denture wearing (Dorocka-Bobkowska et al., 1996).Patients with poorly controlled DM may exhibit reduced salivary flow rates, reduced salivary pH, increased salivary glucose levelsfactors known to facilitate oral candida growth and colonization (Bell et al., 1999). Nutritional factors S...

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Hyalohyphomycoses (Hyaline Moulds)

Cited by 12 publications

References 250 publications

Pulmonary fungal infections

Pulmonary fungal infections

Detection of human pathogenicFusariumspecies in hospital and communal sink biofilms by using a highly specific monoclonal antibody

A Review on Candidiasis and Opportunistic Mycosis in Human and Animals

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